Section I : Histology, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of Skin Pigmentation
1: Color of skin
2: The melanocyte and melaninogenesis
3: Melanin
4: Pathophysiology of hyperpigmentation
Section II : Disorders of Hyperpigmentation
5: Melasma
6: Erythema dyschromicum perstans
7: Lichen planus pigmentosus
8: Primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis
9: Mastocytosis
10: Pityriasis versicolor
11: Atrophoderma of Pasini Pierini
12: Poikiloderma of Civatte
13: Pigmented nonmelanocytic skin lesions
14: Drug-induced hyperpigmention
15: Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
16: Linear hyperpigmentation
17: Flagellate hyperpigmentation
18: Reticular hyperpigmentation
19: Genodermatoses
Section III : Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
20: Clinical examination
21: Wood’s lamp
22: Dermoscopy
23: Histopathology
24: Reflectance confocal microscopy
25: Spectrophotometry
26: Diagnostic algorithms
27: Differential diagnoses of circumscribed and diffuse hyperpigmentation
Section IV : Treatment
28: Cosmetic camouflage for pigmentation issues
9: Sunscreens
30: Medical therapy
31: Chemical peels
32: Cryotherapy
33: Electrosurgery
34: Lasers
35: Intense pulsed light