第一章 阻生牙应用解剖学
第一章 阻生牙应用解剖学
阻生牙 (zǔ shēng yá) = impacted tooth
阻 (zǔ) = to obstruct, block
生 (shēng) = to grow, emerge
牙 (yá) = tooth
应用 (yìng yòng) = applied, application
解剖学 (jiě pōu xué) = anatomy
阻生牙（impacted teeth）是指由于各种原因（骨或软组织障碍等）
是指 (shì zhǐ) = refers to, means
由于 (yóu yú) = due to, because of
各种 (gè zhǒng) = various, different kinds of
原因 (yuán yīn) = reasons, causes
骨 (gǔ) = bone
或 (huò) = or
软组织 (ruǎn zǔ zhī) = soft tissue
障碍 (zhàng ài) = obstruction,障碍
等 (děng) = etc., and so on
影响，只能部分萌出或完全不能萌出
影响 (yǐng xiǎng) = influence, affect
只能 (zhǐ néng) = can only
部分 (bù fèn) = partially, part of
萌出 (méng chū) = eruption (dental term for tooth emergence)
或 (huò) = or
完全 (wán quán) = completely
不能 (bù néng) = cannot
萌出 (méng chū) = erupt
且以后也不能萌出的牙齿。
且 (qiě) = and, moreover
以后 (yǐ hòu) = in the future, later
也 (yě) = also
不能 (bù néng) = cannot
萌出 (méng chū) = erupt
的 (de) = [possessive particle]
牙齿 (yá chǐ) = teeth
阻生牙的发病率很高，常引起冠周炎、
发病 (fā bìng) = onset of disease, to develop illness
率 (lǜ) = rate
很 (hěn) = very
高 (gāo) = high
常 (cháng) = often, frequently
引起 (yǐn qǐ) = to cause, to trigger
冠周炎 (guān zhōu yán) = pericoronitis
冠 (guān) = crown (of tooth)
周 (zhōu) = around, surrounding
炎 (yán) = inflammation
临牙龋坏、牙列拥挤、
临 (lín) = adjacent to, neighboring
牙 (yá) = teeth
龋坏 (qǔ huài) = dental caries, tooth decay
龋 (qǔ) = dental caries, cavity
坏 (huài) = decay, damage
牙列 (yá liè) = dental arch, dentition
拥挤 (yōng jǐ) = crowding, overcrowding
颌骨囊肿等多种并发症，
颌骨 (hé gǔ) = jaw bone
囊肿 (náng zhǒng) = cyst
等 (děng) = etc., and so on
多种 (duō zhǒng) = multiple types, various kinds
并发症 (bìng fā zhèng) = complications
影响患者的健康状况和美观。了解牙及其周围组织的解剖结构，对于制定拔牙方案，正确实施拔牙术，预防和治疗术前术后并发症都有着重要的临床意义。
第一节 重要解剖标志
一、口腔的界限和分部
口腔（oral cavity）是消化道的起始部分，前方借上、下唇之间的口裂与外界相通，后方借舌弓与、腭垂及舌根形成的咽门与咽部相通，是消化系统、呼吸系统与外界相联系的通道。当闭口时，由上下牙列、牙龈及牙槽骨等将口腔分为两部：前外侧部称为口腔前庭（oral vestibule），后内侧部称为固有口腔（oral cavity proper）（图1-1）。
口腔前庭为位于唇、颊与牙列、牙龈及牙槽黏膜之间的腔隙，呈马蹄铁形潜在腔隙，固有口腔的前外侧壁为上下牙列、牙龈及牙槽黏膜，后界为咽门，上下两界由腭和舌下区组成。形象地说，当上下牙列并拢时，口腔前庭能膨胀起来。
上唇 , 上唇系带 , 腭大静脉
上唇 (shàng chún) = upper lip
上唇系带 (shàng chún xì dài) = upper labial frenulum
腭大静脉 (è dà jìng mài) = greater palatine vein
腭大动脉 , 腭前神经 , 腭帆张肌腱
腭大动脉 (è dà dòng mài) = greater palatine artery
腭前神经 (è qián shén jīng) = anterior palatine nerve
腭帆张肌腱 (è fān zhāng jī jiàn) = tensor veli palatini tendon
腭 (è) = palate
帆 (fān) = sail, velum
张 (zhāng) = to stretch, tensor
肌 (jī) = muscle
腱 (jiàn) = tendon
翼钩 , 颊肌 , 翼下颌切带
翼钩 (yì gōu) = pterygoid hamulus
翼 (yì) = wing, pterygoid
钩 (gōu) = hook
颊肌 (jiá jī) = buccinator muscle
颊 (jiá) = cheek
肌 (jī) = muscle
翼下颌切带 (yì xià hé qiē dài) = pterygomandibular raphe
翼 (yì) = wing, pterygoid
下颌 (xià hé) = mandible, lower jaw
切 (qiē) = cut, incision
带 (dài) = band, strip
咽上缩肌 , 咽腭肌 , 舌腭肌
舌背 ,下唇 , 切牙乳头
腭皱襞 , 硬腭 , 腭中缝
腭小凹
软腭
咽腭弓
翼下颌皱襞
磨牙后区
舌腭弓
腭垂
腭扁桃体
口咽腔
口腔前庭沟
下唇系带