镇痛药（analgesic）又称止痛药
镇痛药 (zhèn tòng yào)
镇 (zhèn) = to calm, to suppress, to control
痛 (tòng) = pain, ache
药 (yào) = medicine, drug
又称 (yòu chēng) = also called, also known as
止痛药 (zhǐ tòng yào)
止 (zhǐ) = to stop, to cease
痛 (tòng) = pain, ache
药 (yào) = medicine, drug（antalgic，pain reliever，painkiller），
是指能提高痛阈且选择性地缓解疼痛的药物，
是指 (shì zhǐ) = refers to, means
能 (néng) = can, able to
提高 (tí gāo) = to increase, to raise, to improve
痛阈 (tòng yù) = pain threshold
且 (qiě) = and, moreover
选择性地 (xuǎn zé xìng de) = selectively
缓解 (huǎn jiě) = to relieve, to alleviate, to ease
疼痛 (téng tòng) = pain, ache
的 (de) = (possessive/descriptive particle)
药物 (yào wù) = drugs, medications
但其不会影响神经传递，也不会影响感官认知或让人丧失意识。
但其 (dàn qí) = but it/they (referring back to analgesics)
不会 (bù huì) = will not, won’t
影响 (yǐng xiǎng) = to affect, to influence
神经传递 (shén jīng chuán dì) = nerve transmission, neural conduction
也不会 (yě bù huì) = also will not, nor will it
影响 (yǐng xiǎng) = to affect, to influence
感官 (gǎn guān) = senses, sensory organs
认知 (rèn zhī) = cognition, perception
或 (huò) = or
让人 (ràng rén) = cause people to, make people
丧失 (sàng shī) = to lose, to forfeit
意识 (yì shí) = consciousness, awareness
由于 (yóu yú) = because, due to, since
麻醉药 (má zuì yào) = anesthetics, anesthetic drugs
或 (huò) = or
镇静药 (zhèn jìng yào) = sedatives, tranquilizers
也 (yě) = also, too
有 (yǒu) = have, possess
减轻 (jiǎn qīng) = to reduce, to lessen, to alleviate
疼痛 (téng tòng) = pain
的 (de) = (possessive/descriptive particle)
作用 (zuò yòng) = effect, function, action
镇痛药通过不同机理作用于中枢和周围神经系统，对痛觉中枢有选择性抑制作用，但对其他感觉中枢很少影响。
镇痛药 – zhèn tòng yào- suppress or subdue + pain + drug = Analgesic
synonym- 止痛药 (zhǐ tòng yào)
缓解疼痛的药物 (huǎn jiě téng tòng de yào wù) , gradually
止痛剂 (zhǐ tòng jì)
antonym – 致痛剂 (zhì tòng jì): pain-inducing agent
刺激物 (cì jī wù): irritant
医生给病人开了镇痛药。(Yīshēng gěi bìngrén kāile zhèntòngyào.)
The doctor prescribed painkillers for the patient.
缓解 – huǎn jiě – Alleviate
疼痛 – téng tòng – Pain
药物 – yào wù – Drug
希腊语 – xī là yǔ – Greek
词起源 – cí qǐ yuán – Word origin
中枢神经系统 – zhōng shū shén jīng xì tǒng – Central nervous system
周围神经系统 – zhōu wéi shén jīng xì tǒng – Peripheral nervous system
抑制作用 – yì zhì zuò yòng – Inhibitory effect
感觉中枢 – gǎn jué zhōng shū – Sensory center
剧痛 – jù tòng – Severe pain
长期用药 – cháng qī yòng yào – Long-term use
对乙酰氨基酚 – duì yǐ xiān ān jī fēn – Acetaminophen
非类固醇消炎止痛药 – fēi lèi gù chún xiāo yán zhǐ tòng yào – Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
水杨酸盐 – shuǐ yáng suān yán – Salicylates
鸦片类药物 – yā piàn lèi yào wù – Opioid drugs
曲马多 – qǔ mǎ duō – Tramadol
吗啡 – mǎ fēi – Morphine
神经性疼痛 – shén jīng xìng téng tòng – Neuropathic pain
三环类抗抑郁药 – sān huán lèi kàng yì yù yào – Tricyclic antidepressants
抗癫痫药 – kàng diān xián yào – Anticonvulsants
痛觉 – tòng jué – Pain perception
选择性 – xuǎn zé xìng – Selectivity
影响 – yǐng xiǎng – Influence
医药 – yī yào – Medicine
作用机理 – zuò yòng jī lǐ – Mechanism of action
止痛 – zhǐ tòng – Pain relief
适用 – shì yòng – Applicable
药效 – yào xiào – Drug efficacy
副作用 – fù zuò yòng – Side effects
药物成分 – yào wù chéng fèn – Drug components
疗效 – liáo xiào – Therapeutic effect
剂量 – jì liàng – Dosage
药理学 – yào lǐ xué – Pharmacology
镇痛作用 – zhèn tòng zuò yòng – Analgesic effect
药物代谢 – yào wù dài xiè – Drug metabolism
耐药性 – nài yào xìng – Drug resistance
毒性 – dú xìng – Toxicity
治疗 – zhì liáo – Treatment
医学声明 – yī xué shēng míng – Medical disclaimer
疼痛管理 – téng tòng guǎn lǐ – Pain management
阿片类药物 – ā piàn lèi yào wù – Opioid medications
止痛片 – zhǐ tòng piàn – Painkillers
药物依赖 – yào wù yī lài – Drug dependence
戒断症状 – jiè duàn zhèng zhuàng – Withdrawal symptoms
用药指引 – yòng yào zhǐ yǐn – Medication guidelines
镇痛机制 – zhèn tòng jī zhì – Analgesic mechanism
处方药 – chǔ fāng yào – Prescription drugs
非处方药 – fēi chǔ fāng yào – Over-the-counter drugs
药物滥用 – yào wù làn yòng – Drug abuse
急性疼痛 – jí xìng téng tòng – Acute pain
慢性疼痛 – màn xìng téng tòng – Chronic pain
药物相互作用 – yào wù xiāng hù zuò yòng – Drug interactions
药物过量 – yào wù guò liàng – Drug overdose
风险评估 – fēng xiǎn píng gū – Risk assessment
安全使用 – ān quán shǐ yòng – Safe use
临床试验 – lín chuáng shì yàn – Clinical trial
药物治疗 – yào wù zhì liáo – Drug therapy
疼痛缓解 – téng tòng huǎn jiě – Pain alleviation
镇痛剂量 – zhèn tòng jì liàng – Analgesic dosage
wiki 疼痛
身體的疼痛（pain）是由疾病、创伤、外在伤害性刺激，
身體的 (shēn tǐ de) = body’s, of the body
身體 (shēn tǐ) = body
的 (de) = possessive particle
疼痛 (téng tòng) = pain
(pain) = English translation provided in parentheses
是 (shì) = is, are
由 (yóu) = by, from, due to
疾病 (jí bìng) = disease, illness
创伤 (chuāng shāng) = trauma, injury, wound
外在 (wài zài) = external, outside
伤害性 (shāng hài xìng) = harmful, damaging
刺激 (cì jī) = stimulation, stimulus
伴随现有的或潜在的组织损伤，所引起在知觉上或情绪上难受的、不愉快的感觉。疼痛是主观性的，影响的范围可为身体局部或整体，属一种复杂的生理、心理活动。
wiki 水杨酸钠 salicylate
水杨酸钠（化学式：C7H5NaO3或 NaC6H4(OH)CO2）是水杨酸的钠盐，
水杨酸钠 (shuǐ yáng suān nà) = sodium salicylate
水杨酸 (shuǐ yáng suān) = salicylic acid
钠 (nà) = sodium
化学式 (huà xué shì) = chemical formula
是 (shì) = is
水杨酸 (shuǐ yáng suān) = salicylic acid
的 (de) = possessive particle
钠盐 (nà yán) = sodium salt
可以通过苯酚和二氧化碳在较高的温度和压强下制取。
可以 (kě yǐ) = can, may, is able to
通过 (tōng guò) = through, by means of, via
苯酚 (běn fēn) = phenol
和 (hé) = and
二氧化碳 (èr yǎng huà tàn) = carbon dioxide
二氧化 (èr yǎng huà) = dioxide
碳 (tàn) = carbon
在 (zài) = under, at, in
较高的 (jiào gāo de) = relatively high, higher
温度 (wēn dù) = temperature
和 (hé) = and
压强 (yā qiáng) = pressure
下 (xià) = under (conditions)
制取 (zhì qǔ) = to prepare, to synthesize, to produce
历史上，
历史 (lì shǐ) = history
上 (shàng) = on, in (used here as a temporal/contextual particle)
水杨酸钠则是通过升华水杨酸与过量的碳酸氢钠发生反应，再用加热回流的方式来获得
wiki 镇静剂
镇静剂（sedative）或镇静药[1]，也称安定药[2]（tranquilliser），
镇静剂 (zhèn jìng jì) = sedative
镇静 (zhèn jìng) = to calm, to tranquilize, sedation
剂 (jì) = preparation, agent
或 (huò) = or
镇静药 (zhèn jìng yào) = sedative drug
也称 (yě chēng) = also called, also known as
安定药 (ān dìng yào) = tranquilizer
与镇定剂（downer）相似，是一种能产生镇静作用的物质[3][4]。
与 (yǔ) = with, and, similar to
镇定剂 (zhèn dìng jì) = tranquilizer, calming agent
相似 (xiāng sì) = similar, alike
是 (shì) = is, are
一种 (yī zhǒng) = a type of, a kind of
能 (néng) = can, able to
产生 (chǎn shēng) = to produce, to generate
镇静 (zhèn jìng) = sedation, calming
作用 (zuò yòng) = effect, action
的 (de) = possessive/descriptive particle
物质 (wù zhì) = substance, material
镇静剂 (zhèn jìng jì) = sedatives
有助 (yǒu zhù) = helps, aids, is helpful in
缓解 (huǎn jiě) = to relieve, to alleviate, to ease
抑郁 (yì yù) = depression
及 (jí) = and, as well as
焦虑 (jiāo lǜ) = anxiety
通常被用作治疗精神紧张的病者，镇静剂有利于人的镇静。
wiki 焦虑
焦虑障碍（英語：anxiety disorder，台湾作焦虑症），ICD-11全称作焦虑或恐惧相关性障碍（anxiety or fear-related disorders）[8][9] ，
焦虑 (jiāo lǜ) = anxiety
障碍 (zhàng ài) = disorder
英語 (yīng yǔ) = English
台湾作 (tái wān zuò) = Taiwan calls it, Taiwan uses the term
焦虑症 (jiāo lǜ zhèng) = anxiety disorder (Taiwan term
全称作 (quán chēng zuò) = full name is, officially called
全称 (quán chēng) = full name, complete designation
作 (zuò) = to call, to name as
焦虑或恐惧相关性障碍 (jiāo lǜ huò kǒng jù xiāng guān xìng zhàng ài) = anxiety or fear-related disorders
焦虑 (jiāo lǜ) = anxiety
或 (huò) = or
恐惧 (kǒng jù) = fear
相关性 (xiāng guān xìng) = related, relational
障碍 (zhàng ài) = disorders
是明顯感覺焦慮和恐懼感的一类精神障碍[2]。焦慮是對未來事件的擔心，恐懼則是對當前事件的反應[2]，這些感覺可能會導致身體症狀，如心跳過速和顫抖[2]。以下為常見的焦慮症：廣泛性焦慮症、特異性恐懼症、社交焦慮症、分離焦慮症、廣場恐懼症、恐慌症和選擇性緘默症[2]。焦虑症會由造成症狀的原因來區分[2]，人們通常往往有不止一種的焦慮症[2]。
恐惧（英语：Fear）是对感知或识别危险或威胁的一种强烈不愉快的情绪。
恐惧 (kǒng jù) = fear
是 (shì) = is
对 (duì) = toward, in response to
感知 (gǎn zhī) = to perceive, perception
或 (huò) = or
识别 (shí bié) = to identify, to recognize
危险 (wēi xiǎn) = danger
或 (huò) = or
威胁 (wēi xié) = threat
的 (de) = possessive/descriptive particle
一种 (yī zhǒng) = a type of, a kind of
强烈 (qiáng liè) = intense, strong
不愉快的 (bù yú kuài de) = unpleasant
情绪 (qíng xù) = emotion, feeling恐惧会导致生理变化，
恐惧 (kǒng jù) = fear
会 (huì) = will, can, may (indicating likelihood)
导致 (dǎo zhì) = to cause, to lead to, to result in
生理 (shēng lǐ) = physiological, physical (relating to body functions)
变化 (biàn huà) = changes, alterations
可能会产生行为反应，例如做出攻击性反应或试图逃离威胁。人类的恐惧可能是对当下发生的某种刺激的反应，或者是对未来威胁的预期或期望，这些威胁被认为是对自己的风险。恐惧反应源于对危险的感知导致对抗或逃避/避免威胁（也称战斗或逃跑反应），在恐惧的极端情况下，可能会导致身心状态僵化或瘫痪。