thai
เรื่องที่ 2.1.1 ลักษณะของสัญญาซื้อขาย
สัญญาซื้อขาย เป็นเอกเทศสัญญาชนิดหนึ่ง ซึ่งบัญญัติไว้ใน ป.พ.พ. ลักษณะ 1 หมวด 1 ถึงหมวด 3 เริ่มตั้งแต่มาตรา 453 ถึงมาตรา 490 รวมทั้งการซื้อขายเฉพาะอย่าง ตามหมวด 4 ได้แก่ ขายฝาก ตามมาตรา 491 ถึงมาตรา 502 ขายตามตัวอย่าง ขายตามคำพรรณนาและขายเผื่อชอบ ตามมาตรา 503 ถึงมาตรา 508 และขายทอดตลาด ตามมาตรา 509 ถึงมาตรา 517 ซึ่งในเรื่องนี้จะได้กล่าวถึงลักษณะของสัญญาซื้อขาย ตาม ป.พ.พ. มาตรา 453 ดังต่อไปนี้
มาตรา 453 บัญญัติว่า “อันว่าซื้อขายนั้น คือสัญญาซึ่งบุคคลฝ่ายหนึ่ง เรียกว่าผู้ขาย โอนกรรมสิทธิ์แห่งทรัพย์สินให้แก่บุคคลอีกฝ่ายหนึ่ง เรียกว่าผู้ซื้อ และผู้ซื้อตกลงว่าจะใช้ราคาทรัพย์สินนั้นให้แก่ผู้ขาย”
ตามบทบัญญัติดังกล่าว สัญญาซื้อขายมีลักษณะสำคัญ 3 ประการ คือ 1) สัญญาซื้อขายเป็นสัญญาต่างตอบแทน 2) สัญญาซื้อขายเป็นสัญญาที่ฝ่ายผู้ขายโอนกรรมสิทธิ์แห่งทรัพย์สินให้แก่ฝ่ายผู้ซื้อ และ 3) สัญญาซื้อขายเป็นสัญญาที่ฝ่ายผู้ซื้อตกลงจะใช้ราคาทรัพย์สินให้แก่ฝ่ายผู้ขาย
- สัญญาซื้อขายเป็นสัญญาต่างตอบแทน สัญญาซื้อขายเป็นสัญญาต่างตอบแทนชนิดหนึ่ง คู่สัญญาต่างเป็นเจ้าหนี้และลูกหนี้ซึ่งกันและกัน ต่างมีหน้าที่จะต้องชำระต่อกัน กล่าวคือ ผู้ขายมีหน้าที่จะต้องส่งมอบทรัพย์สินให้แก่ผู้ซื้อ และผู้ซื้อมีหน้าที่จะต้องชำระราคาทรัพย์ทรัพย์สินนั้นให้แก่ผู้ขาย ซึ่งเป็นสัญญาในลักษณะต่างตอบแทนกัน ตามสำนวนที่เรียกกันโดยทั่วไปว่า “ยื่นหมูยื่นแมว” นั่นเอง เมื่อสัญญาซื้อขายเป็นสัญญาต่างตอบแทนก็ย่อมต้องอยู่ในบังคับของ ป.พ.พ. มาตรา 369 ดังนี้
มาตรา 369 ในสัญญาต่างตอบแทนนั้น คู่สัญญาฝ่ายหนึ่งจะไม่ยอมชำระหนี้จนกว่าอีกฝ่ายหนึ่งจะชำระหนี้ หรือขอปฏิบัติการชำระหนี้ก็ได้ แต่ความข้อนี้ท่านมิให้ใช้บังคับ ถ้าหนี้ของคู่สัญญาอีกฝ่ายหนึ่งยังไม่ถึงกำหนด
คำพิพากษาศาลฎีกาที่ 5258/2555 สัญญาแต่งตั้งตัวแทนจำหน่ายระหว่างโจทก์และจำเลยมีลักษณะเป็นสัญญาต่างตอบแทน ซึ่งผู้ขายมีหน้าที่ต้องส่งมอบทรัพย์สินทั้งหมดให้แก่ผู้ซื้อ ส่วนผู้ซื้อก็มีหน้าที่ต้องใช้ราคาทรัพย์สินนั้นให้แก่ผู้ขาย เมื่อโจทก์ผู้ขายได้ส่งมอบสินค้าให้แก่จำเลยซึ่งเป็นผู้ซื้อ จึงถือได้ว่าได้ชำระหนี้ในส่วนของตนแล้ว จำเลยย่อมต้องชำระราคาค่าสินค้าเป็นการชำระหนี้ตอบแทนโจทก์ตามสัญญา
คำพิพากษาศาลฎีกาที่ 797/2556 เมื่อสัญญาจะซื้อจะขายเป็นสัญญาต่างตอบแทน คู่สัญญาฝ่ายหนึ่งจะไม่ยอมชำระหนี้จนกว่าอีกฝ่ายหนึ่งจะชำระหนี้หรือขอปฏิบัติชำระหนี้ตาม ป.พ.พ. มาตรา 369 ดังนั้น การที่โจทก์ชำระเงิน 800,000 บาท แก่จำเลยในการทำสัญญาจะซื้อจะขายแล้ว ย่อมมีความคาดหวัง
english
Contract Reading 1 2-5
Topic 2.1.1 Characteristics of Sales Contracts
A sales contract is a specific type of contract stipulated in the Civil and Commercial Code, Title 1, Chapter 1 to Chapter 3, starting from Section 453 to Section 490, including specific sales under Chapter 4, which includes sale with right of redemption according to Section 491 to Section 502, sale by sample, sale by description and sale on approval according to Section 503 to Section 508, and sale by auction according to Section 509 to Section 517. This section will discuss the characteristics of sales contracts according to Civil and Commercial Code Section 453 as follows:
Section 453 states that “A sale is a contract whereby a person, called the seller, transfers ownership of property to another person, called the buyer, and the buyer agrees to pay a price for that property to the seller.”
According to this provision, a sales contract has 3 main characteristics: 1) It is a reciprocal contract 2) It is a contract where the seller transfers ownership of property to the buyer and 3) It is a contract where the buyer agrees to pay the price of the property to the seller.
- Sales Contract as a Reciprocal Contract A sales contract is a type of reciprocal contract where the parties are both creditors and debtors to each other, each having obligations to fulfill. That is, the seller has the duty to deliver the property to the buyer, and the buyer has the duty to pay the price of that property to the seller. This is a reciprocal contract commonly known in Thai as “giving pig for cat,” meaning when a sales contract is reciprocal, it must be subject to Section 369 of the Civil and Commercial Code as follows:
Section 369: In reciprocal contracts, one party may refuse to perform their obligation until the other party performs or offers to perform their obligation. However, this provision shall not apply if the obligation of the other party is not yet due.
Supreme Court Judgment 5258/2555: A distribution agency agreement between the plaintiff and defendant is a reciprocal contract where the seller must deliver all property to the buyer, and the buyer must pay the price for that property to the seller. When the plaintiff as seller has delivered the goods to the defendant as buyer, it is considered that they have performed their part of the obligation, thus the defendant must pay the price of goods as reciprocal performance to the plaintiff under the contract.
Supreme Court Judgment 797/2556: When a promise to buy and sell is a reciprocal contract, one party may refuse to perform their obligation until the other party performs or offers to perform their obligation under Section 369 of the Civil and Commercial Code. Therefore, when the plaintiff paid 800,000 baht to the defendant in making the promise to buy and sell agreement, there is an expectation…
chinese
合同阅读 1 2-5
主题 2.1.1
销售合同的特征
销售 (xiāoshòu) = sales
合同 (hétong) = contract
的 (de) = possessive particle
特征 (tèzhēng) = characteristics/features
销售合同是民商法典中规定的一种特定合同，在第一编第一章至第三章中有所规定，
销售合同 (xiāoshòu hétong) = sales contract
是 (shì) = is
民商法典 (mín shāng fǎdiǎn) = civil and commercial code
中 (zhōng) = in
规定 (guīdìng) = stipulated/regulated
的 (de) = possessive particle
一种 (yī zhǒng) = a kind of
特定 (tèdìng) = specific/particular
合同 (hétong) = contract
在 (zài) = in
第一编 (dì yī biān) = Part One/Volume One
第一章 (dì yī zhāng) = Chapter One
至 (zhì) = to
第三章 (dì sān zhāng) = Chapter Three
中 (zhōng) = in
有所 (yǒusuǒ) = have some
规定 (guīdìng) = provisions/regulations
从第453条至第490条，包括第四章中的特定销售类型，其中包括第491条至第502条规定的附赎回权的销售，
从 (cóng) = from
第453条 (dì 453 tiáo) = Article 453
至 (zhì) = to
第490条 (dì 490 tiáo) = Article 490
包括 (bāokuò) = including
第四章 (dì sì zhāng) = Chapter Four
中 (zhōng) = in
的 (de) = possessive particle
特定 (tèdìng) = specific
销售 (xiāoshòu) = sales
类型 (lèixíng) = types
其中包括 (qízhōng bāokuò) = including
第491条 (dì 491 tiáo) = Article 491
至 (zhì) = to
第502条 (dì 502 tiáo) = Article 502
规定 (guīdìng) = stipulated
的 (de) = possessive particle
附 (fù) = attached
赎回权 (shúhuíquán) = right of redemption
的 (de) = possessive particle
销售 (xiāoshòu) = sales
第503条至第508条规定的按样品销售、按说明销售和试用销售，
第503条 (dì 503 tiáo) = Article 503
至 (zhì) = to
第508条 (dì 508 tiáo) = Article 508
规定 (guīdìng) = stipulated
的 (de) = possessive particle
按样品 (àn yàngpǐn) = by sample
销售 (xiāoshòu) = sales
按说明 (àn shuōmíng) = by description
销售 (xiāoshòu) = sales
和 (hé) = and
试用 (shìyòng) = trial use ทดลองใช้
销售 (xiāoshòu) = sales
以及第509条至第517条规定的拍卖销售。本节将根据民商法典第453条讨论销售合同的特征，具体如下：
以及 (yǐjí) = and
第509条 (dì 509 tiáo) = Article 509
至 (zhì) = to
第517条 (dì 517 tiáo) = Article 517
规定 (guīdìng) = stipulated
的 (de) = possessive particle
拍卖 (pāimài) = auction
销售 (xiāoshòu) = sales
本节 (běn jié) = this section
将 (jiāng) = will
根据 (gēnjù) = according to
民商法典 (mín shāng fǎdiǎn) = Civil and Commercial Code
第453条 (dì 453 tiáo) = Article 453
讨论 (tǎolùn) = discuss
销售合同 (xiāoshòu hétong) = sales contract
的 (de) = possessive particle
特征 (tèzhēng) = characteristics
具体如下 (jùtǐ rúxià) = specifically as follows
第453条规定：”所谓销售，是指一方（称为卖方）将财产所有权转让给另一方（称为买方），而买方同意向卖方支付该财产价款的合同。”
根据该条规定，销售合同具有三个主要特征：1) 是双务合同 2) 是卖方将财产所有权转让给买方的合同 3) 是买方同意向卖方支付财产价款的合同。
销售合同作为双务合同
销售合同是一种双务合同，双方既是债权人又是债务人，各自都有义务需要履行。即卖方有义务向买方交付财产，买方有义务向卖方支付该财产的价款。这是一种互惠性质的合同，在泰语中通常称为”以猪换猫”，作为双务合同，必须遵守民商法典第369条的规定：
第369条：在双务合同中，一方可以拒绝履行其义务，直到另一方履行或提出履行其义务。但是，如果另一方的义务尚未到期，则不适用此规定。
最高法院判决5258/2555：原告与被告之间的经销代理协议是一个双务合同，卖方必须向买方交付所有财产，买方必须向卖方支付该财产的价款。当作为卖方的原告已向作为买方的被告交付货物时，即视为已履行其合同义务部分，因此被告必须依照合同向原告支付货款作为对等给付。
最高法院判决797/2556：当买卖预约为双务合同时，根据民商法典第369条规定，一方可以拒绝履行其义务，直到另一方履行或提出履行其义务。因此，当原告在签订买卖预约合同时向被告支付了800,000泰铢，就有合理期待…
khmer
ប្រធានបទ ២.១.១
លក្ខណៈនៃកិច្ចសន្យាលក់ទិញ
លក្ខណៈ (leak kanak) = characteristics/nature
នៃ (ney) = of
កិច្ចសន្យា (kech sanya) = contract/agreement
លក់ (lok) = sell
ទិញ (tinh) = buy
កិច្ចសន្យាលក់ទិញ គឺជាប្រភេទកិច្ចសន្យាជាក់លាក់មួយដែលមានចែងក្នុងក្រមរដ្ឋប្បវេណី
កិច្ចសន្យា (kech sanya) = contract/agreement
លក់ទិញ (lok tinh) = sale and purchase
គឺជា (keu chea) = is
ប្រភេទ (pra phet) = type/kind
កិច្ចសន្យា (kech sanya) = contract/agreement
ជាក់លាក់ (chak lak) = specific/particular
មួយ (muoy) = one/a
ដែល (dael) = which
មានចែង (mean chaeng) = stipulated/provided
ក្នុង (knong) = in
ក្រមរដ្ឋប្បវេណី (krom roth be vey ni) = Civil Code
Yt ក្រមរដ្ឋប្បវេណីនៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា (បទបញ្ញត្តិទូទៅ)
មាតិកា ១ ជំពូក ១ ដល់ជំពូក ៣ ចាប់ពីមាត្រា ៤៥៣ ដល់មាត្រា ៤៩០ រួមទាំងការលក់ទិញពិសេសក្រោមជំពូក ៤ ដែលរួមមាន ការលក់ដោយមានសិទ្ធិលោះវិញ តាមមាត្រា ៤៩១ ដល់មាត្រា ៥០២ ការលក់តាមគំរូ ការលក់តាមការពណ៌នា និងការលក់ដោយការយល់ព្រម តាមមាត្រា ៥០៣ ដល់មាត្រា ៥០៨ និងការលក់ដេញថ្លៃ តាមមាត្រា ៥០៩ ដល់មាត្រា ៥១៧។ ផ្នែកនេះនឹងពិភាក្សាអំពីលក្ខណៈនៃកិច្ចសន្យាលក់ទិញតាមមាត្រា ៤៥៣ នៃក្រមរដ្ឋប្បវេណីដូចខាងក្រោម៖
មាត្រា ៤៥៣ ចែងថា “ការលក់ទិញ គឺជាកិច្ចសន្យាដែលបុគ្គលម្នាក់ហៅថាអ្នកលក់ ផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិនៃទ្រព្យទៅឱ្យបុគ្គលម្នាក់ទៀតហៅថាអ្នកទិញ ហើយអ្នកទិញយល់ព្រមបង់ថ្លៃទ្រព្យនោះទៅឱ្យអ្នកលក់។”
តាមបញ្ញត្តិនេះ កិច្ចសន្យាលក់ទិញមានលក្ខណៈសំខាន់ ៣ គឺ៖ ១) ជាកិច្ចសន្យាទៅវិញទៅមក ២) ជាកិច្ចសន្យាដែលភាគីអ្នកលក់ផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិទ្រព្យទៅឱ្យភាគីអ្នកទិញ និង ៣) ជាកិច្ចសន្យាដែលភាគីអ្នកទិញយល់ព្រមបង់ថ្លៃទ្រព្យទៅឱ្យភាគីអ្នកលក់។
១. កិច្ចសន្យាលក់ទិញជាកិច្ចសន្យាទៅវិញទៅមក
កិច្ចសន្យាលក់ទិញជាប្រភេទកិច្ចសន្យាទៅវិញទៅមក ដែលភាគីទាំងសងខាងជាម្ចាស់បំណុលនិងកូនបំណុលទៅវិញទៅមក ដោយមានកាតព្វកិច្ចត្រូវអនុវត្តទៅវិញទៅមក។ ពោលគឺ អ្នកលក់មានកាតព្វកិច្ចត្រូវប្រគល់ទ្រព្យទៅឱ្យអ្នកទិញ ហើយអ្នកទិញមានកាតព្វកិច្ចត្រូវបង់ថ្លៃទ្រព្យនោះទៅឱ្យអ្នកលក់។ នេះជាកិច្ចសន្យាក្នុងលក្ខណៈទៅវិញទៅមក ដែលជាទូទៅគេហៅថា “ដូរជ្រូកដូរឆ្មា” ដូច្នេះ នៅពេលកិច្ចសន្យាលក់ទិញជាកិច្ចសន្យាទៅវិញទៅមក វាត្រូវស្ថិតក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងនៃមាត្រា ៣៦៩ នៃក្រមរដ្ឋប្បវេណីដូចខាងក្រោម៖
មាត្រា ៣៦៩៖ ក្នុងកិច្ចសន្យាទៅវិញទៅមក ភាគីមួយអាចបដិសេធមិនអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចរបស់ខ្លួនរហូតដល់ភាគីម្ខាងទៀតអនុវត្ត ឬស្នើសុំអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចរបស់ខ្លួន។ ប៉ុន្តែ បញ្ញត្តិនេះមិនត្រូវអនុវត្តទេ ប្រសិនបើកាតព្វកិច្ចរបស់ភាគីម្ខាងទៀតមិនទាន់ដល់កំណត់។
សាលដីកាលេខ ៥២៥៨/២៥៥៥៖ កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងភ្នាក់ងារចែកចាយរវាងដើមចោទនិងចុងចោទ គឺជាកិច្ចសន្យាទៅវិញទៅមក ដែលអ្នកលក់ត្រូវប្រគល់ទ្រព្យទាំងអស់ទៅឱ្យអ្នកទិញ ហើយអ្នកទិញត្រូវបង់ថ្លៃទ្រព្យនោះទៅឱ្យអ្នកលក់។ នៅពេលដើមចោទជាអ្នកលក់បានប្រគល់ទំនិញទៅឱ្យចុងចោទដែលជាអ្នកទិញ គេចាត់ទុកថាបានអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចរបស់ខ្លួនរួចហើយ ដូច្នេះចុងចោទត្រូវតែបង់ថ្លៃទំនិញជាការអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចតបស្នងទៅដើមចោទតាមកិច្ចសន្យា។
សាលដីកាលេខ ៧៩៧/២៥៥៦៖ នៅពេលកិច្ចសន្យាសន្យាទិញសន្យាលក់ជាកិច្ចសន្យាទៅវិញទៅមក ភាគីមួយអាចបដិសេធមិនអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចរបស់ខ្លួនរហូតដល់ភាគីម្ខាងទៀតអនុវត្ត ឬស្នើសុំអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចតាមមាត្រា ៣៦៩ នៃក្រមរដ្ឋប្បវេណី។ ដូច្នេះ នៅពេលដើមចោទបានបង់ប្រាក់ ៨០០,០០០ បាទទៅឱ្យចុងចោទក្នុងការធ្វើកិច្ចសន្យាសន្យាទិញសន្យាលក់រួចហើយ ការរំពឹងទុក…
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