english

chinese

颈部
七块颈椎以及相关的肌肉和韧带构成了颈部的灵活支架。椎骨、肌肉和韧带协同作用，

颈部” (jǐng bù) = “neck” or “neck area”
“七” (qī) = “seven”
“块” (kuài) = classifier for chunks or pieces
“颈椎” (jǐng zhuī) = “cervical vertebrae”
“以及” (yǐ jí) = “as well as” or “and”
“相关” (xiāng guān) = “related”
“的” (de) = possessive/descriptive particle
“肌肉” (jī ròu) = “muscles”
“和” (hé) = “and”
“韧带” (rèn dài) = “ligaments”
“构成” (gòu chéng) = “constitute” or “form”
“了” (le) = completed action particle
“颈部” (jǐng bù) = “neck”
“的” (de) = possessive particle
“灵活” (líng huó) = “flexible”
“支架” (zhī jià) = “support structure” or “frame”
“椎骨” (zhuī gǔ) = “vertebrae”
“、” = enumeration mark (similar to comma)
“肌肉” (jī ròu) = “muscles”
“和” (hé) = “and”
“韧带” (rèn dài) = “ligaments”
“协同” (xié tóng) = “work together” or “coordinate”
“作用” (zuò yòng) = “function” or “effect”

以支撑和移动头部。第一和第二块颈椎具有独特的形态，分别称为寰椎

以” (yǐ) = “in order to” or “to”
“支撑” (zhī chēng) = “support” or “hold up”
“和” (hé) = “and”
“移动” (yí dòng) = “move” or “movement”
“头部” (tóu bù) = “head”
“第一” (dì yī) = “first”
“和” (hé) = “and”
“第二” (dì èr) = “second”
“块” (kuài) = classifier for pieces/items
“颈椎” (jǐng zhuī) = “cervical vertebrae”
“具有” (jù yǒu) = “have” or “possess”
“独特” (dú tè) = “unique” or “distinctive”
“的” (de) = descriptive particle
“形态” (xíng tài) = “shape” or “morphology”
“分别” (fēn bié) = “respectively”
“称为” (chēng wéi) = “called” or “known as”
“寰椎” (huán zhuī) = “atlas” (first cervical vertebra)

和枢椎（Axis）。寰椎是一个环状骨结构，支撑着颅骨；枢椎具有一个向上的齿状突起（齿状突，Dens）

，为寰椎提供了旋转的支点。枢椎以及其余五块颈椎的后方都有一个骨性突起，即棘突（Spinous Process），棘突与厚实的项韧带（Nuchal Ligament）相连。椎体（椎骨的椭圆形骨质部分）通过前纵韧带和后纵韧带连接，并由其他韧带将每个棘突和横突（侧方骨突）连接到相邻的椎骨。此外，每块椎骨之间都有椎间盘分隔。通过椎骨对椎间盘的压缩，颈部可以向前、向后和向侧面运动。

颈部的肌肉位于两个三角区域中，分别是前三角区（Anterior Triangle）和后三角区（Posterior Triangle）。前三角区的边界由下颌骨（Mandible）、胸骨（Sternum）和胸锁乳突肌（Sternocleidomastoid Muscle）构成。前三角区的主要肌肉包括胸锁乳突肌和斜角肌（Scalene Muscle）（图 1.1a）。后三角区的边界由锁骨（Clavicle）、胸锁乳突肌和斜方肌（Trapezius Muscle）组成。后三角区的主要肌肉（图 1.1b）包括斜方肌、头最长肌（Longissimus Capitis）、头半棘肌（Semispinalis Capitis）和头夹肌（Splenius Capitis）。

khmer

កង្វះ
ឆ្អឹងកង្វះប្រាំពីរជាមួយនឹងសាច់ដុំ

“កង្វះឆ្អឹង” (kʊŋvak cʰəŋ) = “vertebrae” or “spinal bones”
“កង្វះប្រាំពីរ” (kʊŋvak pram pii) = “seven vertebrae”
“ជាមួយនឹង” (cie muəy nɨŋ) = “together with” or “along with”
“សាច់ដុំ” (sac dom) = “muscles”

និងសរសៃពួរដែលទាក់ទងនឹងគ្នាបង្កើតជាស៊ុមដែលអាចចល័តបានរបស់កង្វះ។

“និង” (nɨŋ) = “and”
“សរសៃពួរ” (sɑɑ-say puo) = “ligaments”
“ដែល” (dael) = “which” or “that”
“ទាក់ទងនឹង” (teak tong nɨŋ) = “related to” or “associated with”
“គ្នា” (knie) = “each other”
“បង្កើតជា” (bɑŋkaət cie) = “form” or “create”
“ស៊ុម” (som) = “framework” or “structure”
“ដែលអាចចល័តបាន” (dael ach chalat baan) = “flexible” or “that can move”
“របស់” (rɔbɑh) = “of”
“កង្វះ” (kʊŋvak) = “neck” or “cervical area”

ឆ្អឹងកង្វះ, សាច់ដុំ, និងសរសៃពួរបានសហការគ្នាដើម្បីគាំទ្រ និងផ្លាស់ទីក្បាល។

“ឆ្អឹងកង្វះ” (cʰəŋ kʊŋvak) = “vertebrae” or “vertebral bones”
“សាច់ដុំ” (sac dom) = “muscles”
“និង” (nɨŋ) = “and”
“សរសៃពួរ” (sɑɑ-say puo) = “ligaments”
“បាន” (baan) = auxiliary verb indicating completed action
“សហការគ្នា” (sahakaa knie) = “cooperate” or “work together”
“ដើម្បី” (daəmbi) = “in order to” or “to”
“គាំទ្រ” (kuəm trɔɔ) = “support”
“និង” (nɨŋ) = “and”
“ផ្លាស់ទី” (plas tii) = “move” or “mobilize”
“ក្បាល” (kbal) = “head”

ឆ្អឹងកង្វះទីមួយ និងទីពីរមានរាងពិសេសហើយត្រូវបានហៅថា ឆ្អឹងអាត្លាស (Atlas)

“ឆ្អឹងកង្វះ” (cʰəŋ kʊŋvak) = “cervical vertebra” or “neck vertebra”
“ទីមួយ” (tii muəy) = “first”
“និង” (nɨŋ) = “and”
“ទីពីរ” (tii pii) = “second”
“មាន” (mien) = “have”
“រាង” (rieŋ) = “shape” or “form”
“ពិសេស” (pisees) = “special” or “unique”
“ហើយ” (haəy) = “and”
“ត្រូវបាន” (trəv baan) = passive marker “is/are”
“ហៅ” (hau) = “called”
“ថា” (thaa) = “as”
“ឆ្អឹងអាត្លាស” (cʰəŋ atlah) = “Atlas bone”

និងឆ្អឹងអាក់ស៊ីស (Axis)។ ឆ្អឹងអាត្លាស គឺជារង្វង់ឆ្អឹងដែលគាំទ្រក្បាលឆ្អឹង។

និង” (nɨŋ) = “and”
“ឆ្អឹងអាក់ស៊ីស” (cʰəŋ ak sis) = “Axis bone”
“ឆ្អឹងអាត្លាស” (cʰəŋ atlah) = “Atlas bone”
“គឺជា” (kuu cie) = “is a”
“រង្វង់ឆ្អឹង” (rɔŋvɔŋ cʰəŋ) = “bony ring”
“ដែល” (dael) = “which” or “that”
“គាំទ្រ” (kuəm trɔɔ) = “supports”
“ក្បាលឆ្អឹង” (kbal cʰəŋ) = “skull”

ឆ្អឹងអាក់ស៊ីស មានបំពង់តូចបញ្ចេញឡើងលើដែលហៅថា ដេន (Dens)

ដែលផ្តល់ឱ្យអាត្លាសអាចវិលជុំវិញបាន។ ឆ្អឹងអាក់ស៊ីស និងឆ្អឹងកង្វះប្រាំផ្សេងទៀតមានផ្នែកខ្នងជាអង្កត់ផ្ចិតឆ្អឹង (Spinous Process) ដែលភ្ជាប់ជាមួយ សរសៃពួរជំទង់ (Nuchal Ligament) ដែលធំ និងកម្រាស់។ ឆ្អឹងខ្នង (Vertebral Bodies) (ផ្នែកឆ្អឹងដែលមានរាងពងក្រពើ) ត្រូវបានភ្ជាប់ដោយ សរសៃពួរខាងមុខ (Anterior Ligament) និងសរសៃពួរខាងក្រោយ (Posterior Ligament)។ ជាមួយនឹងសរសៃពួរផ្សេងទៀតដែលភ្ជាប់នឹង អង្កត់ផ្ចិតផ្នែកខ្នង (Spinous Process) និងអង្កត់ផ្ចិតផ្នែកផ្កាយ (Transverse Process) ទៅនឹងផ្នែកដែលនៅជាប់គ្នានៃឆ្អឹងកង្វះ។ បន្ថែមពីនេះ ឆ្អឹងកង្វះនីមួយៗត្រូវបានបំបែកដោយ ឆ្អឹងខ្នងចន្លោះ (Intervertebral Disc)។ ដោយសារការបង្រួមឆ្អឹងកង្វះលើឆ្អឹងខ្នងចន្លោះ ធ្វើឱ្យកង្វះអាចផ្លាស់ទីទៅមុខ, ខាងក្រោយ, និងខាងចំហៀងបាន។

សាច់ដុំកង្វះមានទីតាំងនៅក្នុងតំបន់សាមគ្គីសម្រុះពីរកន្លែង ដែលហៅថា ត្រីកោណមុខ (Anterior Triangle) និងត្រីកោណក្រោយ (Posterior Triangle)។

ត្រីកោណមុខ ត្រូវបានកំណត់ដោយ **ឆ្អឹងថ្គាម (Mandible), ឆ្អឹងទ្រូង (Sternum), និងសាច់ដុំ ស្តឺណូក្លីដូម៉ាស្តូអ៊ីត (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)។
សាច់ដុំសំខាន់ៗនៅត្រីកោណមុខរួមមាន ស្តឺណូក្លីដូម៉ាស្តូអ៊ីត និងសាច់ដុំស្ពៀង (Scalene Muscle) (រូបភាព 1.1a)។
ត្រីកោណក្រោយ ត្រូវបានកំណត់ដោយ ឆ្អឹងស្មា (Clavicle), ស្តឺណូក្លីដូម៉ាស្តូអ៊ីត, និងសាច់ដុំត្រលប់ (Trapezius Muscle)។
សាច់ដុំសំខាន់ៗនៅត្រីកោណក្រោយ (រូបភាព 1.1b) រួមមាន សាច់ដុំត្រលប់ (Trapezius), សាច់ដុំ Longissimus Capitis, សាច់ដុំ Semispinalis Capitis, និងសាច់ដុំ Splenius Capitis។

burmese

လည်ချောင်း (Neck) (lan: chaung:)

လည်ချောင်းသည် ခုန်ကြွနိုင်သောတည်ဆောက်ပုံ (Flexible Framework) ဖြစ်ပြီး လည်ချောင်းကြွပ်သားခုနှစ်ချောင်း (Seven Cervical Vertebrae)၊

“လည်ချောင်း” (lan: chaung:) = “neck”
“သည်” (thi) = subject marker
“ခုန်ကြွနိုင်သော” (khon: kywae naing thaw) = “flexible” or “capable of movement”
“တည်ဆောက်ပုံ” (ti hsauk pone) = “structure” or “framework”
“ဖြစ်ပြီး” (phyit pri:) = “is” or “being”
“လည်ချောင်းကြွပ်သား” (lan: chaung: kyup tha:) = “cervical vertebrae”
“ခုနှစ်ချောင်း” (khun hnit: chaung:) = “seven pieces”

ကြွပ်သားချိတ်ဆက်သည့် ကြွက်သားများ (Associated Muscles)

“ကြွပ်သား” (kyup tha:) = “vertebrae” or “vertebral”
“ချိတ်ဆက်” (chate hset) = “connect” or “join”
“သည့်” (thi.) = a grammatical particle that turns the preceding verb into an adjective/modifier
“ကြွက်သားများ” (kyauk tha: mya:) = “muscles”

နှင့် ကြွပ်သားချိတ်ဆက်သည့် ကြောများ (Ligaments) ပါဝင်သည်။

ကြွပ်သားများ (Vertebrae)၊ ကြွက်သားများ (Muscles) နှင့် ကြောများ (Ligaments) တို့သည် ပေါင်းစပ်သည့်လုပ်ဆောင်မှုဖြင့် ခေါင်းကို ထောက်ပံ့ခြင်းနှင့် လှုပ်ရှားနိုင်စေခြင်း (Support and Movement of the Head) ကိုလုပ်ဆောင်သည်။
ပထမနှင့် ဒုတိယ ကြွပ်သားများ (First and Second Cervical Vertebrae) သည် ပုံသဏ္ဍာန်ထူးခြားပြီး အက်တလပ် (Atlas) နှင့် အက်စ်စစ် (Axis) ဟုခေါ်သည်။

အက်တလပ် (Atlas) သည် ခေါင်းဦးခေါင်းခွံကို ထောက်ပံ့သော (Supports the Skull) အရံ့ပုံစံ ကြွပ်သား (Bony Ring) ဖြစ်သည်။
အက်စ်စစ် (Axis) တွင် အပေါ်သို့ ထွက်လှုပ်သော အစိတ်အပိုင်း (Peg-like Projection) – ဒန့် (Dens) ရှိပြီး အက်တလပ် (Atlas) ကို လှည့်ဖို့ ချိတ်ဆက်ရာ (Pivot Point for Rotation) ဖြစ်သည်။
အက်စ်စစ်နှင့် ကျန်ရှိသော ကြွပ်သား (Remaining Five Cervical Vertebrae) သည် နောက်ဘက်တွင် ထွက်သော အရိုးပမာဏ (Posterior Bony Protuberance) – ကြွပ်သား အတောင့်ထွက်မှု (Spinous Process) ပါဝင်ပြီး ကြီးမားသည့် လည်ချောင်းကြောကြိုး (Nuchal Ligament) နှင့်ချိတ်ဆက်ထားသည်။
ကြွပ်သား တည်နေရာများ (Vertebral Bodies – Oval-shaped Bone Mass) သည် နောက်ဘက်နှင့် ရှေ့ဘက် ကြောများ (Posterior and Anterior Ligaments) ဖြင့်ချိတ်ဆက်ထားပြီး တစ်ခုချင်းစီကို နောက်ဘက်နှင့် တစ်ဖက်စီ အခြားကြွပ်သားများနှင့်ချိတ်ဆက်သော အတောင့်ထွက်မှုများ (Spinous and Transverse Processes) တို့ဖြင့်လည်း ဆက်စပ်ထားသည်။
ထို့ပြင် ကြွပ်သား တစ်ခုချင်းစီသည် ကြွပ်သား အကြားသံလွှဲထည် (Intervertebral Disc) ဖြင့်ခွဲထားသည်။
ကြွပ်သားများသည် အပြည့်အဝပုံစံဖြင့်ညှင်းပေးခြင်း (Compression of Vertebrae Upon the Discs) ဖြင့် လည်ချောင်းသည် ရှေ့, နောက်, နှင့် ဘေးသို့ လှုပ်ရှားနိုင်သည် (Can Move Forward, Backward, and Sideways)။

လည်ချောင်း ကြွက်သားများ (Neck Muscles)
လည်ချောင်းရှိ ကြွက်သားများသည် တောင်တန်းပုံစံဖြင့် ရှေ့ (Anterior) နှင့် နောက် (Posterior) တောင်တန်း (Triangles) ဟုခွဲခြားနိုင်သည်။

ရှေ့တောင်တန်း (Anterior Triangle)
နယ်နိမိတ် (Borders): အမြှေးရိုး (Mandible – Jawbone), ရင်ခုံ (Sternum – Breastbone), နှင့် လည်ချောင်းကြွက်သား (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)
အဓိကကြွက်သားများ (Major Anterior Muscles): Sternocleidomastoid နှင့် Scalene Muscle (Figure 1.1a)
နောက်တောင်တန်း (Posterior Triangle)
နယ်နိမိတ် (Borders): လည်ပင်းရိုး (Clavicle – Collarbone), Sternocleidomastoid Muscle, နှင့် Trapezius Muscle
အဓိကကြွက်သားများ (Major Posterior Muscles) (Figure 1.1b): Trapezius, Longissimus Capitis, Semispinalis Capitis, Splenius Capitis

vietnamese

Cổ (Neck)
Bảy đốt sống cổ (cervical vertebrae) cùng với các cơ và dây chằng liên quan tạo thành khung xương linh hoạt của cổ

“Cổ” = “Neck”
“Bảy” = “Seven”
“đốt sống cổ” = “cervical vertebrae”
“cùng với” = “along with” or “together with”
“các” = plural marker
“cơ” = “muscles”
“và” = “and”
“dây chằng” = “ligaments”
“liên quan” = “related” or “associated”
“tạo thành” = “form” or “create”
“khung xương” = “skeletal framework” or “bone structure”
“linh hoạt” = “flexible”
“của” = “of”
“cổ” = “neck”

Đốt sống, cơ và dây chằng phối hợp với nhau để hỗ trợ và di chuyển đầu

“Đốt sống” = “Vertebrae”
“cơ” = “muscles”
“và” = “and”
“dây chằng” = “ligaments”
“phối hợp” = “coordinate” or “work together”
“với nhau” = “with each other”
“để” = “to” or “in order to”
“hỗ trợ” = “support”
“và” = “and”
“di chuyển” = “move” or “movement”
“đầu” = “head”

Đốt sống cổ thứ nhất và thứ hai có hình dạng đặc biệt và được gọi là đốt đội (Atlas) và đốt trục (Axis).

“Đốt sống cổ” = “Cervical vertebrae”
“thứ nhất” = “first”
“và” = “and”
“thứ hai” = “second”
“có” = “have”
“hình dạng” = “shape” or “form”
“đặc biệt” = “special” or “unique”
“và” = “and”
“được gọi là” = “are called”
“đốt đội” = “Atlas” (first cervical vertebra)
“và” = “and”
“đốt trục” = “Axis” (second cervical vertebra)

Đốt đội (Atlas) là một vòng xương (bony ring) hỗ trợ hộp sọ.

“Đốt đội” = “Atlas” (first cervical vertebra)
“là” = “is”
“một” = “a”
“vòng xương” = “bony ring”
“hỗ trợ” = “supports”
“hộp sọ” = “skull”

Đốt trục (Axis) có một mấu xương nhô lên trên dạng chốt (peg-like projection) gọi là mỏm nha (Dens),

“Đốt trục” = “Axis” (second cervical vertebra)
“có” = “has”
“một” = “a”
“mấu xương” = “bony process” or “bony projection”
“nhô lên trên” = “projecting upward”
“dạng chốt” = “peg-like”
“gọi là” = “called”
“mỏm nha” = “odontoid process” or “dens”

tạo trục quay cho đốt đội (Atlas).
Đốt trục (Axis) và năm đốt sống cổ còn lại có một mấu xương nhô ra phía sau (posterior bony protuberance) gọi là mỏm gai (Spinous Process), nơi bám vào dây chằng gáy dày và lớn (Nuchal Ligament).
Thân đốt sống (Vertebral bodies – phần xương hình oval) được nối với nhau bằng dây chằng dọc trước và dây chằng dọc sau (posterior and anterior ligaments), cùng với các dây chằng khác liên kết giữa mỏm gai và mỏm ngang (transverse process) của các đốt sống lân cận.
Ngoài ra, mỗi đốt sống đều được ngăn cách bởi một đĩa đệm (intervertebral disc).
Nhờ sự chèn ép của đốt sống lên đĩa đệm (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), cổ có thể di chuyển về phía trước, phía sau và sang hai bên.

Cơ vùng cổ (Neck Muscles)
Các cơ vùng cổ nằm trong hai vùng hình tam giác, gọi là tam giác trước (Anterior Triangle) và tam giác sau (Posterior Triangle).

Tam giác trước (Anterior Triangle)
Giới hạn bởi (Borders): Xương hàm dưới (Mandible – Jawbone), xương ức (Sternum – Breastbone) và cơ ức đòn chũm (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Các cơ chính (Major Anterior Muscles): Cơ ức đòn chũm (Sternocleidomastoid) và cơ bậc thang (Scalene Muscle) (Hình 1.1a).
Tam giác sau (Posterior Triangle)
Giới hạn bởi (Borders): Xương đòn (Clavicle – Collarbone), cơ ức đòn chũm (Sternocleidomastoid) và cơ thang (Trapezius Muscle).
Các cơ chính (Major Posterior Muscles) (Hình 1.1b): Cơ thang (Trapezius), cơ dài đầu (Longissimus Capitis), cơ bán gai đầu (Semispinalis Capitis), cơ chẩm đầu (Splenius Capitis).

indonesian

Leher (Neck)
Tujuh vertebra servikal (cervical vertebrae) bersama dengan otot dan ligamen terkait membentuk kerangka fleksibel leher (flexible framework of the neck).

“Leher” = “Neck”
“Tujuh” = “Seven”
“vertebra servikal” = “cervical vertebrae”
“bersama dengan” = “together with” or “along with”
“otot” = “muscles”
“dan” = “and”
“ligamen” = “ligaments”
“terkait” = “related” or “associated”
“membentuk” = “form” or “create”
“kerangka” = “framework” or “structure”
“fleksibel” = “flexible”
“leher” = “neck”

Vertebra, otot, dan ligamen bekerja sama untuk menopang dan menggerakkan kepala (support and move the head).

“Vertebra” = “Vertebrae”
“otot” = “muscles”
“dan” = “and”
“ligamen” = “ligaments”
“bekerja sama” = “work together” or “collaborate”
“untuk” = “to” or “in order to”
“menopang” = “support” or “hold up”
“dan” = “and”
“menggerakkan” = “move” or “mobilize”
“kepala” = “head”

Vertebra servikal pertama dan kedua memiliki bentuk unik dan disebut atlas dan aksis (Atlas and Axis).

Atlas adalah cincin tulang (bony ring) yang menopang tengkorak.

Axis memiliki tonjolan berbentuk pasak ke atas (peg-like projection) yang disebut dens, yang berfungsi sebagai titik tumpu bagi atlas untuk berputar.
Axis dan lima vertebra servikal lainnya memiliki tonjolan tulang posterior (posterior bony protuberance) yang disebut prosesus spinosus (Spinous Process), yang berikatan dengan ligamen nuchal yang besar dan tebal (Nuchal Ligament).
Badan vertebra (Vertebral bodies – massa tulang berbentuk oval) dihubungkan oleh ligamen posterior dan anterior (posterior and anterior ligaments), serta ligamen lain yang menghubungkan setiap prosesus spinosus dan prosesus transversus (tonjolan tulang lateral) dengan bagian yang sesuai pada vertebra yang berdekatan.
Selain itu, setiap vertebra dipisahkan oleh diskus intervertebralis (intervertebral disc).
Melalui kompresi vertebra pada diskus (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), leher dapat bergerak maju, mundur, dan ke samping.

Otot Leher (Neck Muscles)
Otot-otot leher terletak di dua daerah berbentuk segitiga, yang disebut segitiga anterior (Anterior Triangle) dan segitiga posterior (Posterior Triangle).

Segitiga anterior (Anterior Triangle)
Dibatasi oleh (Borders): Mandibula (Mandible – Tulang Rahang), Sternum (Tulang Dada), dan Otot Sternokleidomastoid (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Otot utama (Major Anterior Muscles): Sternokleidomastoid dan Otot Skalenus (Scalene Muscle) (Gambar 1.1a).
Segitiga posterior (Posterior Triangle)
Dibatasi oleh (Borders): Klavilula (Clavicle – Tulang Selangka), Otot Sternokleidomastoid, dan Otot Trapezius (Trapezius Muscle).
Otot utama (Major Posterior Muscles) (Gambar 1.1b): Trapezius, Longissimus Capitis, Semispinalis Capitis, dan Splenius Capitis.

russian

Шея (Neck)
Семь шейных позвонков (cervical vertebrae) вместе с соответствующими мышцами и связками формируют гибкий каркас шеи (flexible framework of the neck).

“Шея” = “Neck” [sheya]
“Семь” = “Seven” [syem’]
“шейных” = “cervical” or “neck” (adjective) [sheynykh]
“позвонков” = “vertebrae” [pozvonkov]
“вместе” = “together” [vmyestye]
“с” = “with” [s]
“соответствующими” = “corresponding” or “related” [sootvetstvuyushchimi]
“мышцами” = “muscles” [myshtsami]
“и” = “and” [i]
“связками” = “ligaments” [svyazkami]
“формируют” = “form” or “create” [formiruyut]
“гибкий” = “flexible” [gibkiy]
“каркас” = “framework” or “structure” [karkas]
“шеи” = “of the neck” [shei]

Позвонки, мышцы и связки работают совместно, чтобы поддерживать и двигать голову (support and move the head).

“Позвонки” = “Vertebrae” [po-zvon-ki]
“мышцы” = “muscles” [mysh-tsy]
“и” = “and” [i]
“связки” = “ligaments” [svyaz-ki]
“работают” = “work” [ra-bo-ta-yut]
“совместно” = “together” or “jointly” [sov-mest-no]
“чтобы” = “in order to” or “to” [chto-by]
“поддерживать” = “support” [pod-der-zhi-vat’]
“и” = “and” [i]
“двигать” = “move” [dvi-gat’]
“голову” = “head” (accusative case) [go-lo-vu]

Первый и второй шейные позвонки имеют уникальную форму и называются атлантом (Atlas) и аксисом (Axis).

Атлант (Atlas) представляет собой костное кольцо (bony ring), поддерживающее череп.
Аксис (Axis) имеет вверх торчащий зубовидный отросток (peg-like projection), называемый зуб (Dens), который служит точкой вращения для атланта (Atlas).
Аксис и остальные пять шейных позвонков имеют задний костный выступ (posterior bony protuberance), называемый остистым отростком (Spinous Process), который соединяется с массивной и толстой выйной связкой (Nuchal Ligament).
Тела позвонков (Vertebral bodies – овальные костные массы) соединены передними и задними связками (posterior and anterior ligaments), а также другими связками, соединяющими остистые и поперечные отростки (transverse process) с соответствующими частями соседних позвонков.
Кроме того, каждый позвонок разделен межпозвоночным диском (intervertebral disc).
Благодаря сжатию позвонков на диски (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), шея может двигаться вперед, назад и в стороны.

Мышцы шеи (Neck Muscles)
Мышцы шеи расположены в двух треугольных областях, называемых передним (Anterior Triangle) и задним (Posterior Triangle) треугольниками.

Передний треугольник (Anterior Triangle)
Ограничен (Borders): Нижней челюстью (Mandible – Jawbone), грудиной (Sternum – Breastbone) и грудино-ключично-сосцевидной мышцей (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Основные мышцы (Major Anterior Muscles): Грудино-ключично-сосцевидная мышца (Sternocleidomastoid) и лестничные мышцы (Scalene Muscle) (Рис. 1.1a).
Задний треугольник (Posterior Triangle)
Ограничен (Borders): Ключицей (Clavicle – Collarbone), грудино-ключично-сосцевидной мышцей (Sternocleidomastoid) и трапециевидной мышцей (Trapezius Muscle).
Основные мышцы (Major Posterior Muscles) (Рис. 1.1b): Трапециевидная мышца (Trapezius), длиннейшая мышца головы (Longissimus Capitis), полуостистая мышца головы (Semispinalis Capitis) и ременная мышца головы (Splenius Capitis).

Japanese

首 (Neck)
7つの頸椎 (cervical vertebrae) は、それに関連する筋肉や靭帯とともに、

“首” = “Neck” [kubi]
“7つの” = “Seven” [nanatsu no]
“頸椎” = “cervical vertebrae” [keitsui]
“は” = topic marker [wa]
“それに” = “with them” or “to them” [sore ni]
“関連する” = “related” or “associated” [kanren suru]
“筋肉” = “muscles” [kinniku]
“や” = “and” [ya]
“靭帯” = “ligaments” [jintai]
“とともに” = “together with” [to tomo ni]

首の柔軟な骨格 (flexible framework of the neck) を構成しています。

首の” = “of the neck” [kubi no]
“柔軟な” = “flexible” [jūnan na]
“骨格” = “framework” or “structure” [kokkaku]
“を” = object marker [o]
“構成しています” = “form” or “constitute” [kōsei shite imasu]

“構成” (kōsei) = “composition,” “formation,” or “structure”
“して” (shite) = the te-form of the verb “する” (suru), which means “to do”
“います” (imasu) = the polite present continuous form indicating an ongoing state

頸椎、筋肉、靭帯 は連携して頭部を支え、動かす役割 (support and move the head) を果たします。

第一頸椎 (C1) および第二頸椎 (C2) は独特な形状をしており、それぞれ 環椎 (Atlas) と軸椎 (Axis) と呼ばれます。

環椎 (Atlas) は、頭蓋骨を支える骨の輪 (bony ring that supports the skull) です。
軸椎 (Axis) には、上向きの突起 (peg-like projection) である歯突起 (Dens) があり、環椎がこれを軸に回転します。
軸椎およびその他の5つの頸椎 の後方には、後方の骨の隆起 (posterior bony protuberance) である 棘突起 (Spinous Process) があり、厚くて大きな項靭帯 (Nuchal Ligament) に接続しています。
椎体 (Vertebral bodies – 楕円形の骨塊) は 前縦靭帯および後縦靭帯 (anterior and posterior ligaments) によってつながっており、棘突起や横突起 (Transverse Process – 側方の骨隆起) も隣接する頸椎と靭帯で結ばれています。
さらに、各頸椎の間には椎間板 (Intervertebral Disc) が存在します。
椎骨が椎間板を圧迫すること (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs) により、首は前後および左右に動くことができます (the neck can move forward, backward, and sideways)。

首の筋肉 (Neck Muscles)
首の筋肉は、前三角 (Anterior Triangle) と後三角 (Posterior Triangle) の2つの三角形の領域に分類されます。

前三角 (Anterior Triangle)
境界 (Borders): 下顎骨 (Mandible – Jawbone)、胸骨 (Sternum – Breastbone)、胸鎖乳突筋 (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)。
主な前部筋肉 (Major Anterior Muscles): 胸鎖乳突筋 (Sternocleidomastoid) および斜角筋 (Scalene Muscle) (図1.1a)。
後三角 (Posterior Triangle)
境界 (Borders): 鎖骨 (Clavicle – Collarbone)、胸鎖乳突筋 (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)、僧帽筋 (Trapezius Muscle)。
主な後部筋肉 (Major Posterior Muscles) (図1.1b): 僧帽筋 (Trapezius)、頭最長筋 (Longissimus Capitis)、頭半棘筋 (Semispinalis Capitis)、頭板状筋 (Splenius Capitis)。

korean

목 (Neck)
일곱 개의 경추(頸椎, cervical vertebrae) 와 이에 연결된 근육과 인대는 목의 유연한 골격(flexible framework of the neck) 을 형성합니다. 경추, 근육, 인대 는 서로 협력하여 머리를 지탱하고 움직이는 역할 (support and move the head) 을 합니다.
첫 번째와 두 번째 경추 는 독특한 형태를 가지며, 각각 아틀라스(Atlas, 환추)와 액시스(Axis, 축추) 라고 불립니다.

아틀라스(Atlas, 환추) 는 머리뼈를 지탱하는 뼈 고리 (bony ring that supports the skull) 입니다.
액시스(Axis, 축추) 는 위쪽으로 돌출된 치돌기(齒突起, Dens, peg-like projection) 를 가지고 있으며, 아틀라스가 이를 중심으로 회전할 수 있도록 합니다.
액시스 및 나머지 다섯 개의 경추 는 뒤쪽으로 돌출된 뼈 구조 (posterior bony protuberance) 인 극돌기(棘突起, Spinous Process) 를 가지며, 두껍고 강한 항인대(項靭帶, Nuchal Ligament) 와 연결됩니다.
추체(椎體, Vertebral bodies – 타원형 뼈 구조) 는 전종인대(前縱靭帶, anterior ligament) 및 후종인대(後縱靭帶, posterior ligament) 로 연결되며, 각 극돌기 및 횡돌기(橫突起, Transverse Process) 도 인접한 경추와 인대로 결합됩니다.
또한, 각 경추 사이에는 추간판(椎間板, Intervertebral Disc) 이 존재합니다.
경추가 추간판을 압박함으로써 (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), 목은 앞으로, 뒤로, 그리고 옆으로 움직일 수 있습니다 (the neck can move forward, backward, and sideways).

목 근육 (Neck Muscles)
목의 근육은 두 개의 삼각형 영역, 즉 전방 삼각형(前方三角形, Anterior Triangle)과 후방 삼각형(後方三角形, Posterior Triangle) 으로 나뉩니다.

전방 삼각형(Anterior Triangle)
경계 (Borders): 하악골(下顎骨, Mandible – Jawbone), 흉골(胸骨, Sternum – Breastbone), 흉쇄유돌근(胸鎖乳突筋, Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)
주요 전방 근육 (Major Anterior Muscles): 흉쇄유돌근(Sternocleidomastoid), 사각근(斜角筋, Scalene Muscle) (그림 1.1a)
후방 삼각형(Posterior Triangle)
경계 (Borders): 쇄골(鎖骨, Clavicle – Collarbone), 흉쇄유돌근(Sternocleidomastoid), 승모근(僧帽筋, Trapezius Muscle)
주요 후방 근육 (Major Posterior Muscles) (그림 1.1b): 승모근(Trapezius), 두최장근(頭最長筋, Longissimus Capitis), 두반극근(頭半棘筋, Semispinalis Capitis), 두판상근(頭板狀筋, Splenius Capitis)

Arab

الرقبة (Neck)
تتكون السبع فقرات العنقية (cervical vertebrae) مع العضلات والأربطة المرتبطة بها من الإطار المرن للرقبة (flexible framework of the neck). تعمل الفقرات والعضلات والأربطة معًا لدعم وتحريك الرأس.
تتميز الفقرات العنقية الأولى والثانية بأشكال فريدة وتُعرف باسم الأطلس (Atlas) والمحور (Axis).

الأطلس (Atlas) هو حلقة عظمية (bony ring) تدعم الجمجمة.
المحور (Axis) يحتوي على نتوء عظمي يشبه الوتد لأعلى (peg-like projection) يُعرف باسم السِّن (Dens)، مما يوفر نقطة محورية يلتف حولها الأطلس.
تمتلك المحور (Axis) والخمس فقرات العنقية الأخرى نتوءًا عظميًا خلفيًا يسمى الناتئ الشوكي (Spinous Process)، والذي يرتبط بـ الرباط القفوي الكبير والسميك (Nuchal Ligament).
أجسام الفقرات (Vertebral bodies – الكتل العظمية البيضاوية الشكل) ترتبط ببعضها البعض من خلال الأربطة الأمامية والخلفية (posterior and anterior ligaments)، بالإضافة إلى أربطة أخرى تربط النتوءات الشوكية والمستعرضة (transverse process) بالأجزاء المقابلة لها في الفقرات المجاورة.
بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تفصل الأقراص بين الفقرات (Intervertebral Discs) بين كل فقرة وأخرى.
من خلال ضغط الفقرات على الأقراص بين الفقرات (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs)، يمكن للرقبة التحرك للأمام والخلف والجوانب.

عضلات الرقبة (Neck Muscles)
تقع عضلات الرقبة في منطقتين مثلثيتين تُعرفان بـ المثلث الأمامي (Anterior Triangle) والمثلث الخلفي (Posterior Triangle).

المثلث الأمامي (Anterior Triangle)
حدوده (Borders): عظم الفك السفلي (Mandible – Jawbone)، عظم القص (Sternum – Breastbone)، وعضلة القصية الترقوية الخشائية (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
العضلات الأمامية الرئيسية (Major Anterior Muscles): عضلة القصية الترقوية الخشائية (Sternocleidomastoid) وعضلة السقالة (Scalene Muscle) (الشكل 1.1a).
المثلث الخلفي (Posterior Triangle)
حدوده (Borders): عظم الترقوة (Clavicle – Collarbone)، عضلة القصية الترقوية الخشائية (Sternocleidomastoid) وعضلة شبه المنحرفة (Trapezius Muscle).
العضلات الخلفية الرئيسية (Major Posterior Muscles) (الشكل 1.1b): عضلة شبه المنحرفة (Trapezius)، العضلة الطولية الرأسية (Longissimus Capitis)، العضلة نصف الشوكية الرأسية (Semispinalis Capitis)، والعضلة الموشورية الرأسية (Splenius Capitis).

Hindi

गर्दन (Neck)
सात ग्रीवा कशेरुकाएँ (cervical vertebrae) संबंधित मांसपेशियों और स्नायुबंधन के

गर्दन” (gardan) = “Neck”
“सात” (saat) = “Seven”
“ग्रीवा” (greevaa) = “cervical” or “neck”
“कशेरुकाएँ” (kasherukaen) = “vertebrae”
“(cervical vertebrae)” = English term in parentheses
“संबंधित” (sambandhit) = “related” or “associated”
“मांसपेशियों” (maansapeshiyon) = “muscles”
“और” (aur) = “and”
“स्नायुबंधन” (snaayubandhan) = “ligaments”
“के” (ke) = “of” or possessive particle

साथ मिलकर गर्दन की लचीली संरचना (flexible framework of the neck) बनाती हैं। कशेरुकाएँ,

मांसपेशियाँ और स्नायुबंधन मिलकर सिर को सहारा देने और हिलाने (support and move the head) का काम करते हैं।

पहली और दूसरी ग्रीवा कशेरुका की संरचना अलग होती है और इन्हें एटलस (Atlas) और एक्सिस (Axis) कहा जाता है।

एटलस (Atlas) एक हड्डी की अंगूठी (bony ring) होती है, जो खोपड़ी को सहारा देती है।

एक्सिस (Axis) में एक ऊपर की ओर निकला हुआ दांतेदार उभार (peg-like projection) होता है,

जिसे डेंस (Dens) कहा जाता है, जो एटलस को घूमने का आधार देता है।
एक्सिस और अन्य पाँच ग्रीवा कशेरुकाओं के पीछे हड्डी का उभार (posterior bony protuberance) होता है, जिसे रीढ़ीय उभार (Spinous Process) कहते हैं और यह मोटे और मजबूत नुचाल स्नायुबंधन (Nuchal Ligament) से जुड़ा होता है।
कशेरुकाओं के शरीर (Vertebral bodies – अंडाकार आकार की हड्डी संरचना) को पीछे और आगे के स्नायुबंधन (posterior and anterior ligaments) जोड़ते हैं, साथ ही अन्य स्नायुबंधन प्रत्येक रीढ़ीय और अनुप्रस्थ (transverse) उभार को उसके समीप की कशेरुका से जोड़ते हैं।
इसके अलावा, हर कशेरुका के बीच एक अंतःकशेरुकी डिस्क (Intervertebral Disc) होती है।
कशेरुकाओं के डिस्क पर दबाव डालने से (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), गर्दन आगे, पीछे और बगल की ओर हिल सकती है।

गर्दन की मांसपेशियाँ (Neck Muscles)
गर्दन की मांसपेशियाँ दो त्रिकोणीय क्षेत्रों में स्थित होती हैं, जिन्हें सामने का त्रिभुज (Anterior Triangle) और पीछे का त्रिभुज (Posterior Triangle) कहा जाता है।

सामने का त्रिभुज (Anterior Triangle)
सीमाएँ (Borders): निचला जबड़ा (Mandible – Jawbone), उरोस्थि (Sternum – Breastbone), और स्टर्नोक्लेडोमैस्टॉइड मांसपेशी (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)।
मुख्य आगे की मांसपेशियाँ (Major Anterior Muscles): स्टर्नोक्लेडोमैस्टॉइड (Sternocleidomastoid) और स्केलेन मांसपेशी (Scalene Muscle) (चित्र 1.1a)।
पीछे का त्रिभुज (Posterior Triangle)
सीमाएँ (Borders): हंसली (Clavicle – Collarbone), स्टर्नोक्लेडोमैस्टॉइड मांसपेशी (Sternocleidomastoid), और ट्रैपेज़ियस मांसपेशी (Trapezius Muscle)।
मुख्य पीछे की मांसपेशियाँ (Major Posterior Muscles) (चित्र 1.1b): ट्रैपेज़ियस (Trapezius), लॉन्जिसिमस कैपिटिस (Longissimus Capitis), सेमिस्पाइनलिस कैपिटिस (Semispinalis Capitis), और स्प्लेनियस कैपिटिस (Splenius Capitis)।

Filipino

Leeg (Neck)
Ang pitong bertebrang servikal (cervical vertebrae)

“Leeg” = “Neck”
“Ang” = “The” (definite article)
“pitong” = “seven”
“bertebrang” = “vertebrae” (adapted from Spanish “vértebra”)
“servikal” = “cervical”

kasama ang mga kaugnay na kalamnan at litid ay bumubuo sa nababaluktot na balangkas ng leeg

“kasama” = “together with” or “along with”
“ang” = “the” (definite article)
“mga” = plural marker
“kaugnay” = “related” or “associated”
“na” = linking particle
“kalamnan” = “muscles”
“at” = “and”
“litid” = “ligaments” or “tendons”
“ay” = topic marker
“bumubuo” = “form” or “constitute”
“sa” = “the” or directional marker
“nababaluktot” = “flexible”
“na” = linking particle
“balangkas” = “framework” or “structure”
“ng” = “of”
“leeg” = “neck”

(flexible framework of the neck). Ang bertebra, kalamnan, at litid ay nagtutulungan upang suportahan at igalaw ang ulo (support and move the head).
Ang una at ikalawang bertebrang servikal ay may natatanging hugis at tinatawag na atlas at axis.

Ang atlas ay isang butong hugis-singsing (bony ring) na sumusuporta sa bungo.
Ang axis ay may isang patulis na buto (peg-like projection) na tinatawag na dens, na nagsisilbing pivot point para sa atlas.
Ang axis at ang natitirang limang bertebrang servikal ay may likurang nakausling bahagi ng buto (posterior bony protuberance) na tinatawag na spinous process, na nakakabit sa malaki at makapal na litid pangbatok (Nuchal Ligament).
Ang mga katawan ng bertebra (Vertebral bodies – oval-shaped bone mass) ay konektado sa pamamagitan ng likurang at harapang litid (posterior and anterior ligaments), pati na rin ang iba pang litid na nagdudugtong sa bawat spinous at transverse process sa katabing bertebra.
Bukod pa rito, ang bawat bertebra ay pinaghiwalay ng isang intervertebral disc.
Sa pamamagitan ng pagkakaipit ng mga bertebra sa disc (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), ang leeg ay maaaring gumalaw pasulong, paatras, at sa gilid.

Mga Kalamnan ng Leeg (Neck Muscles)
Ang mga kalamnan ng leeg ay matatagpuan sa dalawang tatsulok na bahagi na tinatawag na anterior (harap) at posterior (likod) triangles.

Harapang tatsulok (Anterior Triangle)
Mga hangganan (Borders): Panga (Mandible – Jawbone), buto ng dibdib (Sternum – Breastbone), at sternocleidomastoid na kalamnan (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Mga pangunahing kalamnan sa harap (Major Anterior Muscles): Sternocleidomastoid at scalene muscles (Scalene Muscle) (Larawan 1.1a).
Likurang tatsulok (Posterior Triangle)
Mga hangganan (Borders): Klawikula (Clavicle – Collarbone), sternocleidomastoid na kalamnan, at trapezius na kalamnan (Trapezius Muscle).
Mga pangunahing kalamnan sa likod (Major Posterior Muscles) (Larawan 1.1b): Trapezius, longissimus capitis, semispinalis capitis, at splenius capitis.

Cantonese ,

頸部 (Neck)
七塊頸椎 (cervical vertebrae)，連同相關嘅肌肉同韌帶，組成咗頸部靈活嘅骨架 (flexible framework of the neck)。頸椎、肌肉同韌帶一齊協作，支撐同移動頭部 (support and move the head)。
第一同第二塊頸椎 形狀獨特，分別叫做寰椎 (Atlas) 同樞椎 (Axis)。

寰椎 (Atlas) 係一個環形骨結構 (bony ring)，用嚟承托顱骨。
樞椎 (Axis) 有一個向上突起嘅牙狀突 (peg-like projection)，叫做 齒狀突 (Dens)，俾寰椎 (Atlas) 圍住旋轉。
樞椎 (Axis) 同其餘五塊頸椎 嘅後方都有骨性突起 (posterior bony protuberance)，即棘突 (Spinous Process)，同厚而強韌嘅項韌帶 (Nuchal Ligament) 連接。
椎體 (Vertebral bodies – 橢圓形骨塊) 由前縱韌帶同後縱韌帶 (posterior and anterior ligaments) 連接，另外亦有其他韌帶連接各棘突同橫突 (transverse process) 至相鄰椎骨。
此外，每塊頸椎之間都有椎間盤 (intervertebral disc)。
透過椎骨對椎間盤施加壓力 (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs)，頸部可以向前、向後同側邊移動。

頸部肌肉 (Neck Muscles)
頸部肌肉位於兩個三角區域，分別係前三角 (Anterior Triangle) 同後三角 (Posterior Triangle)。

前三角 (Anterior Triangle)
邊界 (Borders)：下顎骨 (Mandible – Jawbone)、胸骨 (Sternum – Breastbone) 同胸鎖乳突肌 (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)。
主要前部肌肉 (Major Anterior Muscles)：胸鎖乳突肌 (Sternocleidomastoid) 同斜角肌 (Scalene Muscle) (圖1.1a)。
後三角 (Posterior Triangle)
邊界 (Borders)：鎖骨 (Clavicle – Collarbone)、胸鎖乳突肌 (Sternocleidomastoid) 同斜方肌 (Trapezius Muscle)。
主要後部肌肉 (Major Posterior Muscles) (圖1.1b)：斜方肌 (Trapezius)、頭最長肌 (Longissimus Capitis)、頭半棘肌 (Semispinalis Capitis) 同頭夾肌 (Splenius Capitis)。

Italian

Collo (Neck)
Le sette vertebre cervicali (cervical vertebrae), insieme ai muscoli e ai legamenti associati, costituiscono la struttura flessibile del collo (flexible framework of the neck). Le vertebre, i muscoli e i legamenti lavorano insieme per sostenere e muovere la testa (support and move the head).
La prima e la seconda vertebra cervicale hanno forme uniche e sono chiamate atlante (Atlas) e epistrofeo (Axis).

L’atlante (Atlas) è un anello osseo (bony ring) che sostiene il cranio.
L’epistrofeo (Axis) ha una proiezione ossea a forma di perno verso l’alto (peg-like projection) chiamata dente dell’epistrofeo (Dens), che permette all’atlante di ruotare attorno ad esso.
L’epistrofeo e le altre cinque vertebre cervicali hanno una protuberanza ossea posteriore (posterior bony protuberance) chiamata processo spinoso (Spinous Process), che si collega al robusto e spesso legamento nucale (Nuchal Ligament).
I corpi vertebrali (Vertebral bodies – massa ossea di forma ovale) sono collegati dai legamenti posteriori e anteriori (posterior and anterior ligaments), insieme ad altri legamenti che connettono ciascun processo spinoso e processo trasverso (transverse process) con le parti corrispondenti delle vertebre adiacenti.
Inoltre, ogni vertebra è separata da un disco intervertebrale (intervertebral disc).
Attraverso la compressione delle vertebre sui dischi intervertebrali (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), il collo può muoversi in avanti, indietro e lateralmente.

Muscoli del collo (Neck Muscles)
I muscoli del collo si trovano in due regioni triangolari chiamate triangolo anteriore (Anterior Triangle) e triangolo posteriore (Posterior Triangle).

Triangolo anteriore (Anterior Triangle)
Confini (Borders): Mandibola (Mandible – Jawbone), sterno (Sternum – Breastbone) e muscolo sternocleidomastoideo (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Muscoli principali anteriori (Major Anterior Muscles): Muscolo sternocleidomastoideo (Sternocleidomastoid) e muscoli scaleni (Scalene Muscle) (Figura 1.1a).
Triangolo posteriore (Posterior Triangle)
Confini (Borders): Clavicola (Clavicle – Collarbone), muscolo sternocleidomastoideo (Sternocleidomastoid) e muscolo trapezio (Trapezius Muscle).
Muscoli principali posteriori (Major Posterior Muscles) (Figura 1.1b): Muscolo trapezio (Trapezius), muscolo lunghissimo della testa (Longissimus Capitis), muscolo semispinale della testa (Semispinalis Capitis) e muscolo splenio della testa (Splenius Capitis).

French

Cou (Neck)
Les sept vertèbres cervicales (cervical vertebrae), ainsi que les muscles et les ligaments associés, forment la structure flexible du cou (flexible framework of the neck). Les vertèbres, les muscles et les ligaments travaillent ensemble pour soutenir et déplacer la tête (support and move the head).
Les première et deuxième vertèbres cervicales ont une forme unique et sont appelées atlas et axis.

L’atlas (Atlas) est un anneau osseux (bony ring) qui soutient le crâne.
L’axis (Axis) possède une saillie osseuse en forme de pivot (peg-like projection) appelée dent de l’axis (Dens), qui permet à l’atlas de pivoter autour de lui.
L’axis et les cinq autres vertèbres cervicales possèdent une proéminence osseuse postérieure (posterior bony protuberance) appelée processus épineux (Spinous Process), qui est attachée au grand et épais ligament nuchal (Nuchal Ligament).
Les corps vertébraux (Vertebral bodies – masse osseuse de forme ovale) sont reliés par les ligaments postérieurs et antérieurs (posterior and anterior ligaments), ainsi que par d’autres ligaments qui relient chaque processus épineux et transverse (transverse process) aux parties correspondantes des vertèbres adjacentes.
De plus, chaque vertèbre est séparée par un disque intervertébral (intervertebral disc).
Grâce à la compression des vertèbres sur les disques (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), le cou peut se déplacer vers l’avant, vers l’arrière et sur les côtés.

Muscles du cou (Neck Muscles)
Les muscles du cou sont situés dans deux régions triangulaires appelées triangle antérieur (Anterior Triangle) et triangle postérieur (Posterior Triangle).

Triangle antérieur (Anterior Triangle)
Délimité par (Borders) : Mandibule (Mandible – Jawbone), sternum (Sternum – Breastbone) et muscle sternocléidomastoïdien (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Muscles principaux antérieurs (Major Anterior Muscles) : Sternocléidomastoïdien (Sternocleidomastoid) et muscles scalènes (Scalene Muscle) (Figure 1.1a).
Triangle postérieur (Posterior Triangle)
Délimité par (Borders) : Clavicule (Clavicle – Collarbone), muscle sternocléidomastoïdien (Sternocleidomastoid) et muscle trapèze (Trapezius Muscle).
Muscles principaux postérieurs (Major Posterior Muscles) (Figure 1.1b) : Muscle trapèze (Trapezius), longissimus de la tête (Longissimus Capitis), semi-épineux de la tête (Semispinalis Capitis) et splénius de la tête (Splenius Capitis).

German

Nacken (Neck)
Die sieben Halswirbel (cervical vertebrae) bilden zusammen mit den dazugehörigen Muskeln und Bändern das flexible Gerüst des Nackens

“Nacken” = “Neck”
“(Neck)” = English translation in parentheses
“Die” = “The”
“sieben” = “seven”
“Halswirbel” = “cervical vertebrae”
“(cervical vertebrae)” = English term in parentheses
“bilden” = “form”
“zusammen” = “together”
“mit” = “with”
“den” = “the” (definite article)
“dazugehörigen” = “associated” or “related”
“Muskeln” = “muscles”
“und” = “and”
“Bändern” = “ligaments”
“das” = “the” (definite article)
“flexible” = “flexible”
“Gerüst” = “framework” or “structure”
“des” = “of the”
“Nackens” = “neck”

(flexible framework of the neck). Die Wirbel, Muskeln und Bänder arbeiten zusammen, um den Kopf zu stützen und zu bewegen (support and move the head).

Die erste und zweite Halswirbel haben eine besondere Form und werden Atlas und Axis genannt.

Der Atlas (Atlas) ist ein knöcherner Ring (bony ring), der den Schädel trägt.
Der Axis (Axis) hat eine zapfenartige Knochenstruktur (peg-like projection), den Dens, der dem Atlas als Drehpunkt dient.
Der Axis und die fünf weiteren Halswirbel haben einen hinteren knöchernen Vorsprung (posterior bony protuberance), der als Dornfortsatz (Spinous Process) bezeichnet wird und mit dem starken und dicken Nackenband (Nuchal Ligament) verbunden ist.
Die Wirbelkörper (Vertebral bodies – ovalförmige Knocheneinheiten) sind durch vordere und hintere Bänder (posterior and anterior ligaments) verbunden, zusammen mit weiteren Bändern, die jeden Dornfortsatz und Querfortsatz (transverse process) mit den entsprechenden Teilen der benachbarten Wirbel verbinden.
Zusätzlich ist jeder Wirbel durch eine Bandscheibe (intervertebral disc) getrennt.
Durch die Kompression der Wirbel auf die Bandscheiben (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs) kann der Nacken sich nach vorne, hinten und zu den Seiten bewegen.

Nackenmuskulatur (Neck Muscles)
Die Nackenmuskeln befinden sich in zwei dreieckigen Regionen, die als vorderes Dreieck (Anterior Triangle) und hinteres Dreieck (Posterior Triangle) bezeichnet werden.

Vorderes Dreieck (Anterior Triangle)
Begrenzung (Borders): Unterkiefer (Mandible – Jawbone), Brustbein (Sternum – Breastbone) und Musculus sternocleidomastoideus (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Hauptmuskeln der Vorderseite (Major Anterior Muscles): Musculus sternocleidomastoideus (Sternocleidomastoid) und Treppenmuskeln (Scalene Muscle) (Abbildung 1.1a).
Hinteres Dreieck (Posterior Triangle)
Begrenzung (Borders): Schlüsselbein (Clavicle – Collarbone), Musculus sternocleidomastoideus und Musculus trapezius (Trapezius Muscle).
Hauptmuskeln der Rückseite (Major Posterior Muscles) (Abbildung 1.1b): Musculus trapezius (Trapezius), Musculus longissimus capitis (Longissimus Capitis), Musculus semispinalis capitis (Semispinalis Capitis) und Musculus splenius capitis (Splenius Capitis).

Spanish

Cuello (Neck)
Las siete vértebras cervicales (cervical vertebrae), junto con los músculos y ligamentos asociados, forman la estructura flexible del cuello (flexible framework of the neck). Las vértebras, los músculos y los ligamentos trabajan juntos para sostener y mover la cabeza (support and move the head).
Las primera y segunda vértebras cervicales tienen formas únicas y se llaman atlas y axis.

El atlas (Atlas) es un anillo óseo (bony ring) que sostiene el cráneo.
El axis (Axis) tiene una proyección ósea en forma de clavija hacia arriba (peg-like projection) llamada apófisis odontoides (Dens), que permite que el atlas gire alrededor de él.
El axis y las otras cinco vértebras cervicales tienen una protuberancia ósea posterior (posterior bony protuberance) llamada apófisis espinosa (Spinous Process), que se une al grande y grueso ligamento nucal (Nuchal Ligament).
Los cuerpos vertebrales (Vertebral bodies – masa ósea de forma ovalada) están conectados por ligamentos posteriores y anteriores (posterior and anterior ligaments), junto con otros ligamentos que conectan cada apófisis espinosa y transversa (transverse process) con sus partes correspondientes en las vértebras adyacentes.
Además, cada vértebra está separada por un disco intervertebral (intervertebral disc).
Gracias a la compresión de las vértebras sobre los discos intervertebrales (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), el cuello puede moverse hacia adelante, hacia atrás y hacia los lados.

Músculos del cuello (Neck Muscles)
Los músculos del cuello se encuentran en dos regiones triangulares llamadas triángulo anterior (Anterior Triangle) y triángulo posterior (Posterior Triangle).

Triángulo anterior (Anterior Triangle)
Límites (Borders): Mandíbula (Mandible – Jawbone), esternón (Sternum – Breastbone) y músculo esternocleidomastoideo (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Músculos principales anteriores (Major Anterior Muscles): Esternocleidomastoideo (Sternocleidomastoid) y músculos escalenos (Scalene Muscle) (Figura 1.1a).
Triángulo posterior (Posterior Triangle)
Límites (Borders): Clavícula (Clavicle – Collarbone), músculo esternocleidomastoideo (Sternocleidomastoid) y músculo trapecio (Trapezius Muscle).
Músculos principales posteriores (Major Posterior Muscles) (Figura 1.1b): Trapecio (Trapezius), longísimo de la cabeza (Longissimus Capitis), semiespinoso de la cabeza (Semispinalis Capitis) y esplenio de la cabeza (Splenius Capitis).

Turkish

Boyun (Neck)
Yedi servikal omur (cervical vertebrae), ilgili kaslar ve bağlarla birlikte boynun esnek iskelet yapısını (flexible framework of the neck) oluşturur. Omurlar, kaslar ve bağlar birlikte çalışarak başı destekler ve hareket ettirir (support and move the head).
Birinci ve ikinci servikal omurlar benzersiz şekillere sahiptir ve atlas (Atlas) ve aksis (Axis) olarak adlandırılır.

Atlas (Atlas), kafatasını destekleyen halka şeklinde bir kemik (bony ring) yapısındadır.
Aksis (Axis), dens adı verilen yukarı doğru çıkıntılı bir kemik yapısı (peg-like projection) içerir ve bu yapı atlasın dönmesine olanak tanır.
Aksis ve diğer beş servikal omur bir arka kemik çıkıntısı (posterior bony protuberance) olan spinöz çıkıntıya (Spinous Process) sahiptir ve bu yapı büyük ve kalın boyun bağına (Nuchal Ligament) bağlanır.
Omur gövdeleri (Vertebral bodies – oval şekilli kemik kütlesi), ön ve arka bağlar (posterior and anterior ligaments) ile birbirine bağlanır ve ayrıca her bir spinöz ve transvers çıkıntıyı (transverse process – yan kemik çıkıntısı) komşu omurlara bağlayan ek bağlar bulunur.
Buna ek olarak, her omur bir intervertebral disk (intervertebral disc) ile ayrılmıştır.
Omurların diskler üzerinde sıkışması (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs) sayesinde boyun öne, arkaya ve yanlara hareket edebilir.

Boyun Kasları (Neck Muscles)
Boyun kasları ön üçgen (Anterior Triangle) ve arka üçgen (Posterior Triangle) olarak adlandırılan iki üçgen bölgede bulunur.

Ön üçgen (Anterior Triangle)
Sınırları (Borders): Alt çene kemiği (Mandible – Jawbone), göğüs kemiği (Sternum – Breastbone) ve sternokleidomastoid kası (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Ana ön kaslar (Major Anterior Muscles): Sternokleidomastoid (Sternocleidomastoid) ve skaleni kasları (Scalene Muscle) (Şekil 1.1a).
Arka üçgen (Posterior Triangle)
Sınırları (Borders): Köprücük kemiği (Clavicle – Collarbone), sternokleidomastoid kası (Sternocleidomastoid) ve trapez kası (Trapezius Muscle).
Ana arka kaslar (Major Posterior Muscles) (Şekil 1.1b): Trapez kası (Trapezius), başın uzun kası (Longissimus Capitis), başın yarı dikensi kası (Semispinalis Capitis) ve başın splenius kası (Splenius Capitis).

Portuguese

Pescoço (Neck)
As sete vértebras cervicais (cervical vertebrae), juntamente com os músculos e ligamentos associados, formam a estrutura flexível do pescoço (flexible framework of the neck). As vértebras, os músculos e os ligamentos trabalham juntos para sustentar e movimentar a cabeça (support and move the head).
As primeira e segunda vértebras cervicais possuem formatos únicos e são chamadas de atlas e áxis.

O atlas (Atlas) é um anel ósseo (bony ring) que sustenta o crânio.
O áxis (Axis) possui uma projeção óssea em forma de pino para cima (peg-like projection) chamada dente do áxis (Dens), que permite que o atlas gire em torno dele.
O áxis e as outras cinco vértebras cervicais possuem uma protuberância óssea posterior (posterior bony protuberance) chamada processo espinhoso (Spinous Process), que se conecta ao grande e espesso ligamento nucal (Nuchal Ligament).
Os corpos vertebrais (Vertebral bodies – massa óssea de formato oval) são conectados por ligamentos anteriores e posteriores (posterior and anterior ligaments), juntamente com outros ligamentos que conectam cada processo espinhoso e transverso (transverse process) às partes correspondentes das vértebras adjacentes.
Além disso, cada vértebra é separada por um disco intervertebral (intervertebral disc).
Através da compressão das vértebras sobre os discos (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), o pescoço pode se mover para frente, para trás e para os lados.

Músculos do Pescoço (Neck Muscles)
Os músculos do pescoço estão localizados em duas regiões triangulares chamadas triângulo anterior (Anterior Triangle) e triângulo posterior (Posterior Triangle).

Triângulo anterior (Anterior Triangle)
Limites (Borders): Mandíbula (Mandible – Jawbone), esterno (Sternum – Breastbone) e músculo esternocleidomastoideo (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Principais músculos anteriores (Major Anterior Muscles): Esternocleidomastoideo (Sternocleidomastoid) e músculos escalenos (Scalene Muscle) (Figura 1.1a).
Triângulo posterior (Posterior Triangle)
Limites (Borders): Clavícula (Clavicle – Collarbone), músculo esternocleidomastoideo (Sternocleidomastoid) e músculo trapézio (Trapezius Muscle).
Principais músculos posteriores (Major Posterior Muscles) (Figura 1.1b): Trapézio (Trapezius), longuíssimo da cabeça (Longissimus Capitis), semiespinhal da cabeça (Semispinalis Capitis) e esplênio da cabeça (Splenius Capitis).

Bengali

গলা (Neck)
সাতটি সার্ভিকাল ভার্টিব্রা (cervical vertebrae), সংশ্লিষ্ট পেশি এবং লিগামেন্টগুলোর সাথে মিলে গলার নমনীয় কাঠামো (flexible framework of the neck) গঠন করে। ভার্টিব্রা, পেশি এবং লিগামেন্ট একসাথে কাজ করে মাথাকে সমর্থন করে এবং নড়াচড়ার সুযোগ দেয় (support and move the head)।
প্রথম এবং দ্বিতীয় সার্ভিকাল ভার্টিব্রা এর বিশেষ আকৃতি রয়েছে এবং এদের অ্যাটলাস (Atlas) ও অ্যাক্সিস (Axis) বলা হয়।

অ্যাটলাস (Atlas) হলো একটি বৃত্তাকার হাড়ের রিং (bony ring) যা খুলি (skull) কে সমর্থন করে।
অ্যাক্সিস (Axis)-এর উপরের দিকে বেরিয়ে থাকা দাঁতের মতো গঠন (peg-like projection) রয়েছে, যাকে ডেন্স (Dens) বলা হয়, যা অ্যাটলাসকে তার চারপাশে ঘোরার জন্য একটি কেন্দ্র প্রদান করে।
অ্যাক্সিস এবং বাকি পাঁচটি সার্ভিকাল ভার্টিব্রা-এর পিছনের দিকে হাড়ের উঁচু অংশ (posterior bony protuberance) থাকে, যাকে স্পাইনাস প্রসেস (Spinous Process) বলা হয়, যা বড় এবং মোটা নুকাল লিগামেন্টের (Nuchal Ligament) সাথে সংযুক্ত থাকে।
ভার্টিব্রার প্রধান অংশ (Vertebral bodies – ডিম্বাকৃতি হাড়ের অংশ) পিছনের এবং সামনের লিগামেন্ট (posterior and anterior ligaments) দ্বারা সংযুক্ত থাকে, পাশাপাশি অন্য লিগামেন্ট, যা প্রতিটি স্পাইনাস এবং ট্রান্সভার্স প্রসেসকে (transverse process) সংলগ্ন ভার্টিব্রার সাথে সংযুক্ত করে।
এছাড়াও, প্রতিটি ভার্টিব্রা একটি ইন্টারভার্টিব্রাল ডিস্ক (Intervertebral Disc) দ্বারা পৃথক থাকে।
ভার্টিব্রাগুলো ডিস্কগুলোর উপর চাপ সৃষ্টি করলে (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), গলাটি সামনে, পেছনে এবং পাশের দিকে নড়াচড়া করতে পারে।

গলার পেশি (Neck Muscles)
গলার পেশিগুলো দুটি ত্রিভুজ আকৃতির অঞ্চলে অবস্থান করে, যেগুলো অ্যান্টেরিয়র (সামনের) এবং পোস্টেরিয়র (পিছনের) ত্রিভুজ (Anterior Triangle & Posterior Triangle) নামে পরিচিত।

অ্যান্টেরিয়র ত্রিভুজ (Anterior Triangle)
সীমানা (Borders): নিম্ন চোয়াল (Mandible – Jawbone), স্টার্নাম (Sternum – Breastbone) এবং স্টার্নোক্লেইডোমাস্টয়েড পেশি (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)।
প্রধান সামনের পেশি (Major Anterior Muscles): স্টার্নোক্লেইডোমাস্টয়েড (Sternocleidomastoid) এবং স্কেলেন পেশি (Scalene Muscle) (চিত্র 1.1a)।
পোস্টেরিয়র ত্রিভুজ (Posterior Triangle)
সীমানা (Borders): ক্ল্যাভিকল (Clavicle – Collarbone), স্টার্নোক্লেইডোমাস্টয়েড পেশি (Sternocleidomastoid) এবং ট্র্যাপিজিয়াস পেশি (Trapezius Muscle)।
প্রধান পিছনের পেশি (Major Posterior Muscles) (চিত্র 1.1b): ট্র্যাপিজিয়াস (Trapezius), লংগিসিমাস ক্যাপিটিস (Longissimus Capitis), সেমিস্পাইনালিস ক্যাপিটিস (Semispinalis Capitis) এবং স্প্লেনিয়াস ক্যাপিটিস (Splenius Capitis)।

Malay

Leher (Neck)
Tujuh vertebra serviks (cervical vertebrae) bersama dengan otot dan ligamen yang berkaitan membentuk rangka fleksibel leher (flexible framework of the neck). Vertebra, otot, dan ligamen bekerja bersama untuk menyokong dan menggerakkan kepala (support and move the head).
Vertebra serviks pertama dan kedua mempunyai bentuk unik dan dipanggil atlas dan aksis (Atlas and Axis).

Atlas ialah cincin tulang (bony ring) yang menyokong tengkorak.
Aksis mempunyai unjuran tulang berbentuk pasak ke atas (peg-like projection) yang dipanggil dens, yang membolehkan atlas berpusing di sekelilingnya.
Aksis dan lima vertebra serviks yang lain mempunyai tonjolan tulang posterior (posterior bony protuberance) yang dikenali sebagai prosesus spinosus (Spinous Process), yang bersambung dengan ligamen nukal yang besar dan tebal (Nuchal Ligament).
Badan vertebra (Vertebral bodies – jisim tulang berbentuk oval) disambungkan oleh ligamen posterior dan anterior (posterior and anterior ligaments), bersama dengan ligamen lain yang menghubungkan setiap prosesus spinosus dan prosesus melintang (transverse process) dengan bahagian yang bersesuaian pada vertebra bersebelahan.
Selain itu, setiap vertebra dipisahkan oleh cakera intervertebra (intervertebral disc).
Melalui pemampatan vertebra ke atas cakera (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), leher boleh bergerak ke hadapan, ke belakang dan ke sisi.

Otot Leher (Neck Muscles)
Otot leher terletak di dalam dua kawasan berbentuk segi tiga yang dikenali sebagai segitiga anterior (Anterior Triangle) dan segitiga posterior (Posterior Triangle).

Segitiga anterior (Anterior Triangle)
Sempadan (Borders): Mandibel (Mandible – Jawbone), sternum (Sternum – Breastbone) dan otot sternokleidomastoid (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
Otot utama bahagian anterior (Major Anterior Muscles): Sternokleidomastoid (Sternocleidomastoid) dan otot skalenus (Scalene Muscle) (Rajah 1.1a).
Segitiga posterior (Posterior Triangle)
Sempadan (Borders): Klavikula (Clavicle – Collarbone), otot sternokleidomastoid (Sternocleidomastoid) dan otot trapezius (Trapezius Muscle).
Otot utama bahagian posterior (Major Posterior Muscles) (Rajah 1.1b): Trapezius, longissimus capitis, semispinalis capitis dan splenius capitis.

Tamil

கழுத்து (Neck)
ஏழு சர்வைக்கல் மண்டை எலும்புகள் (cervical vertebrae), அதனுடன் தொடர்புடைய தசைகள் மற்றும் எலும்புக்கட்டு இணைப்புகள் (ligaments) இணைந்து நெகிழ்வான கழுத்து அமைப்பை (flexible framework of the neck) உருவாக்குகின்றன. மண்டை எலும்புகள், தசைகள், மற்றும் எலும்புக்கட்டு இணைப்புகள் ஒருங்கிணைந்து தலைக்கு ஆதரவளிக்கின்றன மற்றும் அதனை நகர்த்த உதவுகின்றன (support and move the head).
முதல் மற்றும் இரண்டாவது சர்வைக்கல் மண்டை எலும்புகள் தனித்துவமான வடிவமைப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளன மற்றும் அட்லாஸ் (Atlas) மற்றும் ஆக்சிஸ் (Axis) என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.

அட்லாஸ் (Atlas) என்பது தலையை ஆதரிக்கும் ஒரு வளைய எலும்பு (bony ring that supports the skull) ஆகும்.
ஆக்சிஸ் (Axis), மேலே எழும்பிய ஒரு பட்டை போன்ற அமைப்பு (peg-like projection) கொண்டுள்ளது, இதை டென்ஸ் (Dens) என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது, இது அட்லாஸிற்குத் திரும்பச் செய்ய ஒரு மைய புள்ளியாக செயல்படுகிறது.
ஆக்சிஸ் மற்றும் மற்ற ஐந்து சர்வைக்கல் மண்டை எலும்புகள் பின்னணி எலும்பு செருகல் (posterior bony protuberance) கொண்டிருக்கும், இது மண்டை எலும்பின் முடிச்சு (Spinous Process) என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது, இது பெரிய மற்றும் தடிமனான நுகல் எலும்புக்கட்டு இணைப்புடன் (Nuchal Ligament) இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
மண்டை எலும்பின் உடல் (Vertebral bodies – ஓவல் வடிவ எலும்பு குழாய்) முன்புற மற்றும் பின்ன்புற எலும்புக்கட்டு இணைப்புகள் (posterior and anterior ligaments) மூலம் இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது, மேலும் ஒவ்வொரு மண்டை எலும்பின் முடிச்சு மற்றும் குறுக்குச் செருகல்களை (Spinous and Transverse Processes) அடுத்த மண்டை எலும்புடன் இணைக்கும் பிற எலும்புக்கட்டு இணைப்புகளும் உள்ளன.
மேலும், ஒவ்வொரு மண்டை எலும்பும் இடைமண்டை தட்டு (Intervertebral Disc) மூலம் பிரிக்கப்படுகிறது.
மண்டை எலும்புகள் தட்டுகளின் மீது அழுத்தம் கொடுப்பதன் மூலம் (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), கழுத்து முன்னால், பின்னால் மற்றும் பக்கமாக நகர முடியும்.

கழுத்து தசைகள் (Neck Muscles)
கழுத்து தசைகள் இரண்டு முக்கோண பகுதிகளில் உள்ளன, அவை முன் முக்கோணம் (Anterior Triangle) மற்றும் பின் முக்கோணம் (Posterior Triangle) என அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.

முன் முக்கோணம் (Anterior Triangle)
எல்லைகள் (Borders): தாடை எலும்பு (Mandible – Jawbone), மார்பு எலும்பு (Sternum – Breastbone) மற்றும் ஸ்டெர்னோக்ளைடோமாஸ்டாய்டு தசை (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
முக்கிய முன்புற தசைகள் (Major Anterior Muscles): ஸ்டெர்னோக்ளைடோமாஸ்டாய்டு (Sternocleidomastoid) மற்றும் ஸ்கேலீன் தசைகள் (Scalene Muscle) (படம் 1.1a).
பின் முக்கோணம் (Posterior Triangle)
எல்லைகள் (Borders): முட்டை எலும்பு (Clavicle – Collarbone), ஸ்டெர்னோக்ளைடோமாஸ்டாய்டு தசை (Sternocleidomastoid) மற்றும் டிராபீசியஸ் தசை (Trapezius Muscle).
முக்கிய பின்னணித் தசைகள் (Major Posterior Muscles) (படம் 1.1b): டிராபீசியஸ் (Trapezius), லொங்கிசிமஸ் கேபிட்டிஸ் (Longissimus Capitis), செமிஸ்பைனாலிஸ் கேபிட்டிஸ் (Semispinalis Capitis) மற்றும் ஸ்ப்லீனியஸ் கேபிட்டிஸ் (Splenius Capitis).

Telugu

గొంతు (Neck)
ఏడు సర్వైకల్ వేర్టిబ్రా (cervical vertebrae), సంబంధిత కండరాలు మరియు లిగమెంట్లతో కలిసి గొంతు యొక్క సౌకర్యవంతమైన నిర్మాణాన్ని (flexible framework of the neck) ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. వేర్టిబ్రా, కండరాలు మరియు లిగమెంట్లు కలిసికట్టుగా తలను మద్దతుగా ఉంచడం మరియు కదిలించడం (support and move the head) లో సహాయపడతాయి.
మొదటి మరియు రెండవ సర్వైకల్ వేర్టిబ్రా ప్రత్యేక ఆకృతిని కలిగి ఉంటాయి మరియు వాటిని అట్లాస్ (Atlas) మరియు యాక్సిస్ (Axis) అని అంటారు.

అట్లాస్ (Atlas) ఒక ఎముకల రింగ్ (bony ring) లా ఉంటుంది, ఇది తలను మద్దతుగా ఉంచుతుంది.
యాక్సిస్ (Axis) పైకి పొడిగించబడిన ఒక పిన్నులాంటి కండర భాగాన్ని (peg-like projection) కలిగి ఉంటుంది, దీనిని డెన్స్ (Dens) అంటారు, ఇది అట్లాస్ తలతిరిగేందుకు ఒక చుట్టు తిప్పే అక్షాన్ని అందిస్తుంది.
యాక్సిస్ మరియు మిగిలిన ఐదు సర్వైకల్ వేర్టిబ్రా వెనుక భాగంలో ఎముకల పొడవుగా ఉండే భాగం (posterior bony protuberance) కలిగి ఉంటాయి, దీనిని స్పైనస్ ప్రాసెస్ (Spinous Process) అంటారు, ఇది పెద్ద మరియు దృఢమైన నుచల్ లిగమెంట్ (Nuchal Ligament) కు అనుసంధానంగా ఉంటుంది.
వేర్టిబ్రల్ బాడీస్ (Vertebral bodies – ఓవల్ ఆకారంలో ఉండే ఎముకలు) అనునాద లిగమెంట్లు (posterior and anterior ligaments) ద్వారా అనుసంధానించబడ్డాయి, అలాగే ప్రతి స్పైనస్ మరియు ట్రాన్స్‌వర్స్ ప్రాసెస్‌లను (transverse process) సమీప వేర్టిబ్రాలకు అనుసంధానించే ఇతర లిగమెంట్లు కూడా ఉంటాయి.
అదనంగా, ప్రతి వేర్టిబ్రా మధ్య ఒక ఇంటర్వర్టిబ్రల్ డిస్క్ (Intervertebral Disc) ఉంటుంది.
వేర్టిబ్రాలు డిస్క్‌లపై ఒత్తిడి చేయడం ద్వారా (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), గొంతు ముందుకు, వెనుకకు మరియు పక్కలకు కదలగలదు.

గొంతు కండరాలు (Neck Muscles)
గొంతు కండరాలు రెండు త్రికోణాకార విభాగాలలో ఉంటాయి, ఇవి అన్టీరియర్ (ముందు) మరియు పోస్టీరియర్ (వెనుక) త్రికోణాలు (Anterior Triangle & Posterior Triangle) అని పిలువబడతాయి.

అన్టీరియర్ త్రికోణం (Anterior Triangle)
అంచులు (Borders): కిందదవడ (Mandible – Jawbone), స్టెర్నం (Sternum – Breastbone), మరియు స్టెర్నోక్లైడోమాస్టాయిడ్ కండర (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
ప్రధాన ముందు కండరాలు (Major Anterior Muscles): స్టెర్నోక్లైడోమాస్టాయిడ్ (Sternocleidomastoid) మరియు స్కాలీన్ కండరాలు (Scalene Muscle) (ఆకృతి 1.1a).
పోస్టీరియర్ త్రికోణం (Posterior Triangle)
అంచులు (Borders): కీళ్ల ఎముక (Clavicle – Collarbone), స్టెర్నోక్లైడోమాస్టాయిడ్ కండర (Sternocleidomastoid) మరియు ట్రాపిజియస్ కండర (Trapezius Muscle).
ప్రధాన వెనుక కండరాలు (Major Posterior Muscles) (ఆకృతి 1.1b): ట్రాపిజియస్ (Trapezius), లాంగిసిమస్ కాపిటిస్ (Longissimus Capitis), సెమిస్‌పైనాలిస్ కాపిటిస్ (Semispinalis Capitis), మరియు స్ప్లీనియస్ కాపిటిస్ (Splenius Capitis).

Hebrew

צוואר (Neck)
שבע חוליות הצוואר (cervical vertebrae) יחד עם השרירים והרצועות הקשורות אליהן מרכיבות את המבנה הגמיש של הצוואר (flexible framework of the neck). החוליות, השרירים והרצועות פועלים יחד כדי לתמוך בראש ולהניע אותו (support and move the head).
החוליות הצוואריות הראשונה והשנייה בעלות צורה ייחודית ונקראות אטלס (Atlas) ואקסיס (Axis).

האטלס (Atlas) הוא טבעת גרמית (bony ring) שתומכת בגולגולת.
האקסיס (Axis) כולל זיז גרמי דמוי יתד כלפי מעלה (peg-like projection) שנקרא דנס (Dens), שמאפשר לאטלס להסתובב סביבו.
האקסיס וחמש החוליות הצוואריות הנוספות כוללות בליטה גרמית אחורית (posterior bony protuberance) שנקראת זיז קוצי (Spinous Process), אשר מחובר לרצועת העורף הגדולה והעבה (Nuchal Ligament).
גופי החוליות (Vertebral bodies – מבנים גרמיים בצורת אליפסה) מחוברים על ידי רצועות קדמיות ואחוריות (posterior and anterior ligaments), יחד עם רצועות נוספות המחברות כל זיז קוצי וזיז רוחבי (transverse process) לחלקים המתאימים בחוליות הסמוכות.
בנוסף, כל חוליה מופרדת על ידי דיסק בין-חולייתי (intervertebral disc).
באמצעות לחיצה של החוליות על גבי הדיסקים (compression of the vertebrae upon the discs), הצוואר יכול לנוע קדימה, אחורה ולצדדים.

שרירי הצוואר (Neck Muscles)
שרירי הצוואר ממוקמים בשני אזורים משולשים הנקראים המשולש הקדמי (Anterior Triangle) והמשולש האחורי (Posterior Triangle).

המשולש הקדמי (Anterior Triangle)
גבולות (Borders): הלסת התחתונה (Mandible – Jawbone), עצם החזה (Sternum – Breastbone) ושריר הסטרנוקלאידומסטואיד (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle).
השרירים העיקריים הקדמיים (Major Anterior Muscles): סטרנוקלאידומסטואיד (Sternocleidomastoid) ושרירי הסקלן (Scalene Muscle) (איור 1.1a).
המשולש האחורי (Posterior Triangle)
גבולות (Borders): עצם הבריח (Clavicle – Collarbone), שריר הסטרנוקלאידומסטואיד (Sternocleidomastoid) ושריר הטרפז (Trapezius Muscle).
השרירים העיקריים האחוריים (Major Posterior Muscles) (איור 1.1b): שריר הטרפז (Trapezius), לונגיסימוס קפיטיס (Longissimus Capitis), סמיספינליס קפיטיס (Semispinalis Capitis) וספלניוס קפיטיס (Splenius Capitis).

Persian

Urdu

Pashto

Swedish

Swahili

Laos

Shan

Hausa

Marathi

Gujarati

Norwegian

Danish

Uzbekistan

Kazakhstan

Polish

Greek

Armenian

Amharic

Xhosa

Hungarian

Tamazight

Kurds

• Facebook
• X
• Line