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15-8 Civil Law on Torts and Property
Mortgage, superficies, usufruct, and registration of mortgage in immovable property — details regarding these property rights can be studied in Units 8 to 14.
It is noted that Section 1299 categorizes property acquisition into two types: one concerning immovable property and another concerning property rights related to immovable property. The reason for these two categories is likely due to the definition of “immovable property” in the original law under Section 100 (prior to amendment). It states: “Immovable property means land, and things attached to the land or forming a part of the land. Immovable property also includes all rights related to ownership of the land.”
Professor M.R. Seni Pramoj explained that “the original wording of Section 100 focuses solely on rights related to land ownership, which might limit the meaning of ‘immovable property’ to only rights pertaining to land ownership.” Professor Prayoon Suwannathada elaborated that “the term ‘immovable property’ in civil law refers to land along with other immovable assets, including property rights associated with the land. The law takes care to address immovable property rights specifically associated with ownership of immovable property.”
Currently, the definition of “immovable property” is provided in Section 139 of the Civil and Commercial Code: “Immovable property means land and things attached to or forming a part of the land. It also includes all rights pertaining to land ownership.”
Considering the definition in Section 139, it is clear that it encompasses other properties attached to the land or forming a part of the land. Therefore, acquiring immovable property also involves acquiring rights associated with that immovable property. Ownership does not necessarily mean acquiring land alone; for example, acquiring land with associated rights also constitutes obtaining ownership of immovable property rights within the land. Similarly, acquiring land or rights to land through adverse possession implies acquiring ownership of immovable property associated with that land.
However, if the acquisition is purely of ownership, it does not fall under the scope of Section 1299’s first paragraph. For example, transferring ownership of personal property attached to land does not equate to transferring the land itself. The Supreme Court decision 5962/2551 held that transferring land built for descendants does not include transferring the house itself if the intention was to exclude that property.
chinese
15-8 关于侵权和财产的民法
抵押、地上权、用益权以及不动产抵押登记的相关细节可以在第8至第14单元中学习。
值得注意的是，《民法典》第1299条将财产的获取分为两类：一类是不动产，另一类是与不动产相关的财产权。将其分为两类的原因可能是由于《民法典》原第100条对“不动产”的定义，在修改之前，该条规定：“不动产指土地，以及与该土地连接或合为一体的财产。不动产还包括与土地所有权相关的各种权利。”
关于这一点，森·巴拉莫亲王教授解释说：“原第100条的规定侧重于与土地所有权相关的权利，这可能会让人认为‘不动产’仅指与土地所有权相关的权利。” 巴育·素万他达教授进一步解释道：“在民法中，‘不动产’一词包括土地和其他不动产，以及与土地相关的不动产权利。法律特别关注的是与不动产所有权相关的权利。”
现行法律中，《民法典》第139条对“不动产”的定义是：“不动产指土地以及附着或合并于土地的财产，也包括与土地所有权相关的所有权利。”
从第139条的定义来看，“不动产”涵盖了附着于土地或与土地合为一体的财产。因此，取得不动产也意味着取得与不动产相关的权利。所有权并不仅仅意味着取得土地，例如，取得附带相关权利的土地也属于取得不动产所有权。同样，通过“恶意占有”方式取得土地或土地权利，也意味着取得与该土地相关的不动产所有权。
然而，如果仅是取得所有权，就不在第1299条第一段的适用范围内。例如，将附着于土地的动产转让出去，并不等同于转让土地本身。最高法院5962/2551号判决解释道：如果仅将土地赠与后代，并排除附着在土地上的房屋，那么房屋并不包括在赠与的范围内。
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