1. Introduction
2. Basic Optics of Hyperopia and Presbyopia
3.The Helmholtz Mechanism of Accommodation
4. Schachar’s Theory of the Mechanisms of Accommodation
5. Aging and the Crystalline Lens: Review of Recent Literature (1998–2001)
6.Hyperopia
7. Surgical Treatment Options for Hyperopia and Hyperopic Astigmatism
1. Introduction
2. Basic Optics of Hyperopia and Presbyopia
3.The Helmholtz Mechanism of Accommodation
4. Schachar’s Theory of the Mechanisms of Accommodation
5. Aging and the Crystalline Lens: Review of Recent Literature (1998–2001)
6.Hyperopia
A. Contact Lens vs Refractive Surgery
contact lens นิยมหลังสงครามโลก 2
เริ่มแรกเป็น hard contact lens , ทำจาก polymethylmethacrelate(PMMA)
1960 เริ่มทำ soft lens material – ทำจาก HEMA hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate
1970 – rigid gas-permeable lens
1980 astigmatic and presbyopic connecting lens
flexibility of lens- เริ่ม introduction – extended-wear contact lens
ต่อมามี disposable lens
last decade – contact lens สำหรับ presbyopia , include bifocal and multifocal contact lense
2. Market information
80% เป็น soft lens
20% เป็น rigid gas-permeable lens
most refractive surgery procedure -เป็นแบบ permanent , irreversible , ซึ่งถ้าเกิดไม่ชอบ ก็แก้ไม่ได้
B. Refractive surgery versus Contact Lens for – correct of refractive errors
7. urgical Treatment Options for Hyperopia and Hyperopic Astigmatism