2016
1.Physiology
2. Introduction and Overview of Glycemic Disorders
3.Practical Medical Nutritional Therapy
4.Exercise
5.Counseling
6.Oral Antidiabetic Agents

7-15 :
7.Parenteral Therapeutic Agents
8.Insulin Therapy—Practical Aspects
9.Blood Glucose Monitoring
10. Peripheral Neuropathy
11. Feet, Foot Care and Neuroarthropathy
12 Therapeutic Footwear
13 Hypertension
14 Nephropathy
15 Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes

16-30:
16. Ocular Disease and Retinopathy
17. Autonomic Neuropathy
18.
19.
20
21.
22.
23.

1.Physiology

p 33 , pancrease – source of insulin productio , response to both digestive and glucose homeostasis
insulin -> effect -on carbohydrate metabolism
และยัง fat , prot metabolism ด้วย
relative insulin def – ทำให้เกิด DM , และยัง abn to – carb , prot , fat metabolism ด้วย
H มีผลต่อ glycemic regulation คือ insuline , glucagon , glucagon-like peptide-1
Pancreas – Fn antaomy
1-2 million islet , 2% of vol pancreas
4 major type of islet of Langerhands , base on appearance
α cells: produce – glucagon , เพิ่ม plasma glucose , โดย increase hepatic glycogenolysis , gluconeogenesis , increase lipolysis
β cells: major of islet , 60-70% , สร้าง insulin , anabolic
Δ cells: สร้าง somatostatin , locally paracrine manner , inh secretion of pancreatic polypeptide , insuline , glucagon
F (or PP) cells: สร้าง pancreas polypeptide , slow absorption of food , physio แต่ยังถือว่าไม่แน่ชัด
p 34

insulin เป็น polypeptide , small prot เกิดจาก 2 chain of amino acid – connect ด้วย disulfide linkage or bridges



2. Introduction and Overview of Glycemic Disorders

3.Practical Medical Nutritional Therapy

4.Exercise

5.Counseling

6.Oral Antidiabetic Agents