1. Visualization of Stratum Corneum and Transdermal Permeation
Pathways
2. X-Ray Analysis of the Stratum Corneum and Its Lipids
3. Infrared Spectroscopic and Differential Scanning Calorimetric
Investigations of the Stratum Corneum Bamer Function
4.Investigation of Membrane Structure and Dynamics
by Deuterium N M R : Application to the Stratum Corneum
5.Characterization of Stratum Comeurn Barrier Properties Using
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
6.Impedance Spectroscopy: Applioations to Human Skin
1. Visualization of Stratum Corneum and Transdermal Permeation Pathways
p 12 , Introduction – SC stratum corneum – เป็น skin’s impermeability
SC only permeable- small ,lipophilic molecule
trasndermal drug delivery (TDD) ต้อง enhance tech – chemical penetration enhancers , iontophoresis , sonophoresis -> เพื่อ controllably, reversible , safely , reduce resistanc of skin
p 13 , (a) – microscopic tech visualized transport pathway across skin
(b) mechanistic deduction , finding
II. Bg – Visualization Technique
A.Ligth Microscopy – ขยาย object 1000 times ดู 0.1mm- 0.2 μm
ตารางปท visualized vs tech ,ช่วยด้วย histochem , fluorescence , autoradiographic method
light microscope – เห็น substructure of tiss and dynamic process within cell
p 15 , B. Electron Microscopy – ทำตั้งแต่ 1930 , เพิ่มอีก 1000 times of light microscope
ใช้ shorter wavelength of electron
ดู ultrastructure of tiss , cell
มี 2 อันคือ ❂TEM – transmission electron microscope = ผ่าน ultrathin , 50nm sample , produce 2-D image
brightness of each region
❂scanning electron microscope(SEM) – narrow beam 2-3nm of electron on surface of sample
สร้าง secondary electron ,detect by sensor
เกิด 3D
special tech ass electron c light microscope – เพื่อ enhance , expand study of skin
autoradiography ,radioactive isotope – tiss sample collect various time fix ,section
photographic emulsion – มักใช้ silver bromide
! p 18 III Visualization and Identification of transdermal transport pathways
A passive diffusion across stratum corneum , viable epidermis
Light microscope – histochemical study of skin ศึกษาตั้งแต่ 1940-1950 – ดู pathway penetration of fat in vivo human/rat
topically applied – olive oil ,cod liver oil , petralatum , ตามด้วย addition various dyes
fat penetrate – along inside of hairshaft -> into sebaceous gl
no penetrating ผ่านทาง SC
Witten ใช้ radioactive mercury, in vivo 48hr ดู localized mercury surface of skin within viable epidermis and hair follicle
advance autoradiography light micro -> improve/แต่ยัง limit ในการดู permeabtion pathways across SC
เห็น visualized generalized distribute radioactive material in skin
2. X-Ray Analysis of the Stratum Corneum and Its Lipids
3. Infrared Spectroscopic and Differential Scanning Calorimetric Investigations of the Stratum Corneum Bamer Function
4.Investigation of Membrane Structure and Dynamics by Deuterium N M R : Application to the Stratum Corneum
5.Characterization of Stratum Comeurn Barrier Properties Using
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
6.Impedance Spectroscopy: Applioations to Human Skin