::: 20 dialogs , discuss ระหว่าง ระบบไต่สวน vs กล่าวหา in english
1
A: What’s the key difference between the inquisitorial -สอบสวน and adversarial – โต้แย้ง systems?
B: In the inquisitorial system, the judge plays an active role in investigating the facts. In the adversarial system, the judge is more passive, acting as a referee between two opposing parties.
2
A: So in the adversarial system, the judge doesn’t investigate?
B: Right. The lawyers present evidence, and the judge ensures fairness but doesn’t conduct the investigation.
3
A: Is the inquisitorial system used in Thailand?
B: Yes, especially in criminal procedures. It’s influenced by civil law traditions.
4
A: Which countries use the adversarial system?
B: Countries like the U.S., U.K., and Australia mainly follow the adversarial system.
5
A: Who collects the evidence in the inquisitorial system?
B: The judge or investigating magistrate often collects and examines the evidence directly.
6
A: And in the adversarial model, who handles that?
B: The prosecution and defense gather their own evidence and challenge each other’s case in court.
7
A: Which system is better for uncovering the truth?
B: That’s debated. The inquisitorial system is more thorough in theory, but the adversarial system allows for stronger defense advocacy.
8
A: Does the inquisitorial system use juries?
B: Rarely. Most decisions are made by professional judges or panels of judges.
9
A: How about cross-examination?
B: It’s central in adversarial systems but limited or controlled in inquisitorial systems.
10
A: Can the accused remain silent in both systems?
B: Yes, but the implications and procedures vary between the two systems.
11
A: Is the trial process longer in the inquisitorial system?
B: It often takes longer during the investigation stage, but the trial itself is typically shorter.
12
A: In adversarial systems, can a weak defense hurt the case?
B: Absolutely. If the defense counsel is incompetent, the accused may suffer — that’s a major criticism.
13
A: Is the judge biased in the inquisitorial system because they investigate?
B: Ideally, no. But critics argue it’s hard to separate the judge’s role as investigator and adjudicator.
14
A: Which system gives more power to the prosecutor?
B: The adversarial system, because prosecutors drive the case presentation more than judges.
15
A: Are both systems used together in any country?
B: Yes, some legal systems are hybrid, using aspects of both, especially in pre-trial and trial phases.
16
A: What system does France use?
B: France uses the inquisitorial system, where the investigating judge plays a key role in criminal cases.
17
A: How do appeals work in each system?
B: Appeals exist in both, but inquisitorial appeals often review the facts again, while adversarial appeals usually focus on legal errors.
18
A: Is there more transparency in adversarial trials?
B: Many say yes, because arguments are public, and both sides present and challenge openly in court.
19
A: Which system protects the accused more?
B: Adversarial systems are considered more protective of defendants’ rights, though it depends on implementation.
20
A: What’s the trend in modern legal systems?
B: Many countries are blending features — adding cross-examination into inquisitorial systems or improving judge oversight in adversarial ones.
in chinese
1
A：审问制和当事人主义的主要区别是什么？
审问制 (shěnwèn zhì) = inquisitorial system
和 (hé) = and
当事人主义 (dāngshìrén zhǔyì) = adversarial system (literally “party-ism”)
当事人 (dāngshìrén) = the parties involved / litigants
主义 (zhǔyì) = -ism / doctrine / principle
的 (de) = possessive particle
主要 (zhǔyào) = main/primary
区别 (qūbié) = difference(s)
是 (shì) = is/are
什么 (shénme) = what
B：在审问制中，法官主动调查案件事实；而在当事人主义中，
在 (zài) = in
审问制 (shěnwèn zhì) = inquisitorial system
中 (zhōng) = within/in
法官 (fǎguān) = judge
主动 (zhǔdòng) = actively/proactively
调查 (diàochá) = investigate
案件 (ànjiàn) = case
事实 (shìshí) = facts
而 (ér) = whereas/but
在 (zài) = in
当事人主义 (dāngshìrén zhǔyì) = adversarial system
中 (zhōng) = within/in
法官只是中立的裁判，由控辩双方主导举证。
法官 (fǎguān) = judges
只是 (zhǐshì) = only/merely
中立的 (zhōnglì de) = neutral
裁判 (cáipàn) = referee/judge/umpire
由 (yóu) = by/through
控辩双方 (kòngbiàn shuāngfāng) = both prosecution and defense (literally “accusing-defending both sides”)
主导 (zhǔdǎo) = lead/dominate/take charge of
举证 (jǔzhèng) = present evidence/burden of proof
2
A：那当事人主义的法官不参与调查吗？
B：没错。控方和辩方负责提交证据，法官只负责维持程序公平。
3
A：泰国使用哪种制度？
B：泰国主要采用审问制，尤其是在刑事诉讼中，受大陆法系影响较深。
4
A：哪些国家使用当事人主义？
B：像美国、英国、澳大利亚主要采用当事人主义。
5
A：审问制中是谁负责搜集证据？
B：通常是法官或调查法官，主动查明事实和搜集证据。
6
A：那当事人主义中是谁搜集？
B：控方和辩方各自搜集证据，并在法庭上互相质证。
7
A：哪种制度更能发现真相？
B：这是有争议的。理论上审问制更全面，但当事人主义强调对抗式辩护，保障被告权利。
8
A：审问制有陪审团吗？
B：很少有，大多数案件由职业法官或合议庭审理。
9
A：那交叉询问呢？
B：在当事人主义中非常重要；在审问制中则通常受限，由法官主导。
10
A：两个制度中，被告都可以保持沉默吗？
B：可以，但具体法律后果和程序略有不同。
11
A：审问制的审判是不是更慢？
B：调查阶段可能较长，但正式庭审时间通常更短。
12
A：当事人主义中，如果辩护律师不称职，会怎样？
B：那对被告很不利，这是当事人主义被批评的重点之一。
13
A：审问制中法官既调查又判决，会不会有偏见？
B：理论上应保持中立，但确实存在角色冲突的争议。
14
A：哪个制度下检察官权力更大？
B：在当事人主义中，检察官主导起诉和举证，权力更强。
15
A：有国家两个制度混合使用吗？
B：有的，一些国家采用混合制，庭前调查用审问制，法庭上采用对抗方式。
16
A：法国用哪种制度？
B：法国使用审问制，有专门的调查法官负责案件审理前的调查。
17
A：两个系统中，上诉程序一样吗？
B：不同。审问制的上诉可能重新审查事实，当事人主义则多聚焦法律程序错误。
18
A：当事人主义是不是更公开透明？
B：很多人认为是，因为双方公开辩论、证据呈现透明。
19
A：哪个制度更保护被告？
B：通常认为当事人主义更保护被告权利，尤其在程序上保障更多。
20
A：现代法律制度的趋势是什么？
B：越来越多国家结合两个制度的优点，例如在审问制中引入交叉询问，在对抗制度中加强法官监督。
in khmer
1
A៖ តើភាពខុសគ្នាសំខាន់រវាងប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេត និងប្រព័ន្ធប្រកួតប្រជែងជាអ្វី?
តើ (taə) = question particle
ភាពខុសគ្នា (pʰiəp kʰoh kniə) = differences
សំខាន់ (sɑmkʰan) = important/main
រវាង (rɔviəŋ) = between
ប្រព័ន្ធ (prɑpoan) = system
ស៊ើបអង្កេត (səəp ɑŋkaet) = inquisitorial
និង (nɨŋ) = and
ប្រព័ន្ធ (prɑpoan) = system
ប្រកួតប្រជែង (prɑkuət prɑcaeŋ) = adversarial/competitive
ជា (ciə) = is/are
អ្វី (ʔvəy) = what
B៖ ប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេត អាជ្ញាធរមានសិទ្ធិធ្វើការស៊ើបអង្កេតដោយផ្ទាល់។ ប្រព័ន្ធប្រកួតប្រជែង គឺមានការចោទប្រកាន់ និងការពារដោយភាគីទាំងពីរ ដោយចៅក្រមជាអ្នកអះអាងភាពយុត្តិធម៌។
2
A៖ អតីតក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធអះអាង តើចៅក្រមមិនស៊ើបអង្កេតទេឬ?
B៖ ត្រឹមត្រូវ។ ចៅក្រមមិនជាស្នូលនៃការស៊ើបអង្កេតទេ គាត់គ្រាន់តែសម្របសម្រួលក្តី។
3
A៖ ប្រទេសថៃប្រើប្រព័ន្ធណា?
B៖ ប្រទេសថៃប្រើប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេតក្នុងករណីអន្តរាយជាពិសេស ដោយមានឥទ្ធិពលពីច្បាប់ស៊ីវិល។
4
A៖ ប្រទេសណាប្រើប្រព័ន្ធប្រកួតប្រជែង?
B៖ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក ចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស អូស្ត្រាលី ជាដើម។
5
A៖ នៅក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេត អ្នកណាជាអ្នកប្រមូលភស្តុតាង?
B៖ ជាធម្មតា ជាចៅក្រម ឬជាអាជ្ញាធរស៊ើបអង្កេត។
6
A៖ តើយ៉ាងដូចម្តេចនៅក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធប្រកួតប្រជែង?
B៖ ជាធម្មតា ភាគីចោទ និងភាគីការពារ ត្រូវប្រមូលភស្តុតាងដោយខ្លួនឯង។
7
A៖ ប្រព័ន្ធណាដែលអាចរកឃើញការពិតបានច្បាស់ជាង?
B៖ នេះគឺជាចំណុចជជែកគ្នា។ ប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេតត្រូវបានគេជឿថាដល់គោលដៅជាច្រើនប៉ុន្តែប្រព័ន្ធប្រកួតប្រជែងផ្តល់សិទ្ធិការពារជាច្រើនជាង។
8
A៖ ប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេតមានប្រើជាសវនាការជ្រើសរើសឬទេ?
B៖ មិនទេ។ ជាទូទៅប្រើចៅក្រមវិជ្ជាជីវៈមួយរូប ឬចៅក្រមពហុរូប។
9
A៖ តើមានការសួរឆ្លើយឆ្លងដូចជា cross-examination ទេ?
B៖ មានតិចតួចនៅក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេត។ នៅក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធអះអាង វាជាស្នូលចម្បង។
10
A៖ អាចសិទ្ធិស្ងៀមស្ងាត់មាននៅទាំងពីរប្រព័ន្ធទេ?
B៖ មាន ប៉ុន្តែអត្ថន័យនិងផលប៉ះពាល់ខុសគ្នា។
11
A៖ ប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេតមានការចំណាយពេលយូរទេ?
B៖ ដំណាក់កាលស៊ើបអង្កេតយូរបន្តិច ប៉ុន្តែដំណើរការកាត់ក្ដីអាចខ្លីជាង។
12
A៖ ប្រសិនបើមេធាវីភាគីការពារ នៅក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធអះអាង មិនសមស្រប វានាំឲ្យមានផលប៉ះពាល់ទេ?
B៖ ប្រាកដណាស់។ វាអាចប៉ះពាល់ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរដល់អ្នកត្រូវចោទ។
13
A៖ នៅក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេត តើចៅក្រមដែលស៊ើបអង្កេតអាចមានអេកូសៀនទេ?
B៖ តាមទ្រឹស្តី គួរតែជាបក្សអព្យាក្រឹត ប៉ុន្តែវាមានការព្រួយបារម្ភអំពីភាពលំបាកក្នុងការបំបែកតួនាទី។
14
A៖ តើប្រព័ន្ធណាផ្តល់អំណាចខ្លាំងជាងដល់ភាគីចោទ?
B៖ ប្រព័ន្ធអះអាងផ្តល់អំណាចសំខាន់ដល់ភាគីចោទ។ គាត់កាន់ក្តី និងដឹកនាំសកម្មភាព។
15
A៖ មានប្រទេសណាដែលប្រើប្រព័ន្ធផ្សំទេ?
B៖ មាន។ ប្រទេសជាច្រើនប្រើរបៀបផ្សំ ពោលគឺ ប្រើស៊ើបអង្កេតនៅដំណាក់កាលមុនទាំងអស់ ហើយប្រកួតប្រជែងនៅវគ្គសវនាការ។
16
A៖ ប្រទេសបារាំងប្រើប្រព័ន្ធណា?
B៖ ប្រើប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេត។ មានចៅក្រមស៊ើបអង្កេតផ្តល់សារៈសំខាន់ខ្ពស់។
17
A៖ ដំណើរលើកក្តីរបស់ប្រព័ន្ធទាំងពីរខុសគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច?
B៖ ប្រព័ន្ធស៊ើបអង្កេតអាចពិនិត្យផ្តើមពីករណីម្តងទៀត។ ប្រព័ន្ធអះអាងអាចតែពិនិត្យកំហុសផ្នែកច្បាប់ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។
18
A៖ តើប្រព័ន្ធអះអាងមានភាពថ្លៃថ្លាធំជាងទេ?
B៖ ជាច្រើនគេយល់ថា បាទ។ ព្រោះភាគីទាំងពីរបង្ហាញផ្ទាល់នៅក្នុងសាលាដំណើរការប្រកួតប្រជែង។
19
A៖ ប្រព័ន្ធណាមានការពារសិទ្ធិអ្នកត្រូវចោទបានល្អជាង?
B៖ ប្រព័ន្ធអះអាងគេគិតថាមានសិទ្ធិការពារល្អជាង យ៉ាងពិសេសក្នុងផ្នែក절차។
20
A៖ ទិសដៅនៃប្រព័ន្ធទំនើបសព្វថ្ងៃជាដូចម្តេច?
B៖ ជាច្រើនប្រទេសកំពុងស្វែងរកប្រព័ន្ធផ្សំ ដើម្បីយកអត្ថប្រយោជន៍ពីទាំងពីរប្រព័ន្ធ។
burmese
1
A: Inquisitorial system နဲ့ Adversarial system ကြားကွာခြားချက်အဓိကကဘာလဲ?
ကြား (kyar) = between
ကွာခြားချက် (kwa hkyar chek) = differences
အဓိက (a htak) = main/primary
က (ka) = particle
ဘာ (bha) = what
လဲ (lel) = question particle
B: Inquisitorial system မှာ တရားသူကြီးကကိုယ်တိုင် စုံစမ်းတင်သွင်းတဲ့အခန်းကဏ္ဍမှာပါဝင်တယ်။ Adversarial system မှာတော့ တရားသူကြီးက မျှတစွာစောင့်ကြည့်နေတဲ့သူဖြစ်တယ်။
2
A: Adversarial system မှာ တရားသူကြီးက စုံစမ်းမှုမလုပ်ဘူးလား?
B: ဟုတ်ပါတယ်။ စုံစမ်းခြင်းက ဥပဒေရေးရာအဖွဲ့အစည်း (အမှုစစ်) နှစ်ဖက်ရဲ့တာဝန်ပါ။
3
A: ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံမှာ ဘယ်စနစ်ကို အသုံးပြုလဲ?
B: ထိုင်းမှာ တရားရေးစနစ်မှာ Inquisitorial system ကိုအခြေခံထားတယ်။
4
A: Adversarial system ကို ဘယ်နိုင်ငံတွေမှာသုံးလဲ?
B: အမေရိကန်၊ အင်္ဂလန်၊ အော်စီတွေနဲ့ common law system အသုံးပြုတဲ့နိုင်ငံတွေပါ။
5
A: Inquisitorial system မှာ အထောက်အထားတွေကို ဘယ်သူစုဆောင်းလဲ?
B: တရားသူကြီး သို့မဟုတ် စုံစမ်းသူတစ်ဦးက ကိုယ်တိုင်သွားဖော်ထုတ်တယ်။
6
A: Adversarial system မှာတော့ ဘယ်သူလဲ?
B: တရားလွှတ်တော်တွင် တိုင်ကြားသူနဲ့ တုံ့ပြန်သူတို့ သီးခြား စုဆောင်းတင်ပြတယ်။
7
A: ဘယ်စနစ်က မိမိအမှန်ကို ပိုဖော်ထုတ်နိုင်လဲ?
B: အမြဲပြောဆိုခွင့်ပြုတဲ့ Adversarial system က ကောင်းတယ်လို့သူတွေထင်တယ်၊ တကယ်တော့ Inquisitorial system မှာလည်း တိကျမှုအနေနဲ့အားသာချက်ရှိတယ်။
8
A: Inquisitorial system မှာ ပြည်သူလွှတ်တော်/ကော်မတီ (jury) အသုံးပြုလား?
B: မဟုတ်ဘူး။ အများအားဖြင့် တရားသူကြီးတစ်ဦး သို့မဟုတ် တရားသူကြီးအဖွဲ့ဖြစ်တယ်။
9
A: Cross-examination (မေးမြန်းတုံ့ပြန်ခြင်း) ရှိလား?
B: Adversarial system မှာ တာဝန်ကြီးတယ်။ Inquisitorial system မှာ တရားသူကြီးကပဲ မေးမြန်းလေ့ရှိတယ်။
10
A: ထောင်ချခံရသူက နှုတ်ဆိတ်ခြင်းအခွင့်အရေးရှိလား?
B: စနစ်နှစ်ခုလုံးမှာရှိတယ်၊ ဒါပေမဲ့ တုံ့ပြန်မှုနဲ့ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုက မတူဘူး။
11
A: Inquisitorial system မှာ အမှုဖြေရှင်းချိန်ပိုရှည်လား?
B: စုံစမ်းစစ်ဆေးအဆင့်မှာတော့ ပိုကြာတတ်ပေမဲ့၊ တရားရုံးတင်တဲ့အချိန်ကတော့ တော်တော်မြန်တယ်။
12
A: Adversarial system မှာ အမှုဖွင့်သူ lawyer မကောင်းရင်လည်း အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မလား?
B: ဟုတ်တယ်။ သူ့ကိုယ်သူကောင်းမှသာ တရားမကျရင်လည်း အနိုင်မယူနိုင်ဘူး။
13
A: Inquisitorial system မှာ တရားသူကြီးက ကိုယ်တိုင်စုံစမ်းရင် မျှတမှုထိခိုက်မလား?
B: အဖြစ်မရမက။ သက်ဆိုင်သူများက မတူညီတဲ့အခန်းကဏ္ဍတွေလုပ်ဖို့အရေးကြီးတယ်လို့ထင်ကြတယ်။
14
A: ဘယ်စနစ်မှာ တိုင်ကြားသူ (Prosecutor) ထက်မြက်ဆုံးလဲ?
B: Adversarial system မှာ သူကအမှုကို ခေါင်းဆောင်ပြီး ပိုင်ဆိုင်မှုအရည်အချင်းများပြားတယ်။
15
A: စနစ်နှစ်ခုအရောအနှော အသုံးပြုတဲ့နိုင်ငံရှိလား?
B: ရှိတယ်။ hybrid system တစ်ခုအနေနဲ့ ဖွဲ့စည်းထားတဲ့နိုင်ငံတွေရှိတယ်။
16
A: ပြင်သစ်က ဘယ်စနစ်သုံးလဲ?
B: ပြင်သစ်ကတော့ စုံစမ်းမှုအခြေပြုစနစ်ကို အခြေခံတယ်။
17
A: နှစ်ခုစနစ်မှာ တင်မြှောက်မှု (Appeal) မတူဘူးလား?
B: မတူဘူး။ Inquisitorial system မှာ fact တွေကိုပြန်စစ်တတ်တယ်။ Adversarial system မှာ စနစ်ပိုင်းတင်ပြမှုကိုသာစစ်တယ်။
18
A: Adversarial system က ပိုတိကျ/ပွင့်လင်းလား?
B: ဟုတ်တယ်။ အမှုဖွင့်သူနဲ့ အမှုဖြေသူတို့မှာ တရားရုံးမှာတင်ပြနိုင်တဲ့အခွင့်အရေးရှိတယ်။
19
A: ဘယ်စနစ်က တရားခံကိုပိုကာကွယ်တယ်?
B: Adversarial system ကတော့ တရားခံအခွင့်အရေးကို ပိုကောင်းကောင်းထိန်းသိမ်းတယ်လို့ ယူဆကြတယ်။
20
A: ယနေ့ခေတ်တရားရေးစနစ်တွေရဲ့လမ်းကြောင်းက ဘယ်လိုဖြစ်နေလဲ?
B: စနစ်နှစ်ခုလုံးက အားသာချက်ယူပြီး ပြုပြင်ဖြည့်စွက်တဲ့ mixed system တွေပေါ်လာနေတာတွေ့ရတယ်။