p 2 , Avant-propos
Avant-propos (ah-vɑ̃ pʁo-po) – “Foreword” or “Preface”
Avant – before
Propos – remarks / words / subject
Un souhait de vulgarisation des concepts liés à l’intelligence artificielle
Un (œ̃) – a / one
souhait (swɛ) – wish / desire
de (də) – of
vulgarisation (vylɡaʁizasjɔ̃) – popularization / simplification for the general public
des (de) – of the
concepts (kɔ̃sɛpt) – concepts
liés (li.e) – linked / related
à (a) – to
l’intelligence artificielle (l‿ɛ̃teliʒɑ̃s aʁtifisjɛl) – artificial intelligence
Un mot sur l’auteur À qui s’adresse cet ouvrage ?
Structure du livre Aspects pratiques Remerciements
Chapitre 1 Vous avez dit intelligence artificielle?
Ce que nous allons découvrir et les prérequis L’intelligence artificielle, ce n’est pas nouveau!
Quelques dates et périodes clés Mais qu’est-ce que l’intelligence artificielle?
Intelligence artificielle, Machine Learning et Deep Learning
Les différents types d’apprentissage L’intelligence artificielle fait peur
7.1 La singularité technologique
7.2 Des emplois menacés
7.3 Des intelligences artificielles détournées
7.4 Des boîtes noires qui font peur
7.5 Et la vie privée dans tout ça?
1. Vous avez dit intelligence artificielle? – you , have , said
2. Les fondamentaux du langage Python
3. Des statistiques pour comprendre les données – for , data
1. Vous avez dit intelligence artificielle?
1. Ce que nous allons découvrir et les prérequis – That , we , aller(go) , discover , prerequisities
Dans ce chapitre, nous allons dans un premier temps découvrir l’historique de l’intelligence artificielle en retraçant les dates et périodes clés de son développement et nous rendre compte que contrairement à ce que l’on peut croire – in , this , * time ,* retrace , * key ,* realize , we , can, believe
2. Les fondamentaux du langage Python
3. Des statistiques pour comprendre les données
p 17
Un souhait – A wish – จาก sunnja -> care, hait -> joy
synonym – Un vœu , Un désir , Une aspiration , Une envie
antonym – Une aversion = ไม่ชอบ
Un dégoût = ความรังเกียจ
Une répulsion = การขับไล่
J’ai un souhait pour mon anniversaire. – I have a wish for my birthday. , first singular of avoir (to have)
Fais un souhait avant de souffler les bougies. – Make a wish before blowing out the candles. , imperative – do ,
Vulgarisation (feminine noun) – Popularization
Grammar: Feminine nouns often end in “-tion.”
Concepts (masculine plural noun) – Concepts
Grammar: The plural form of “concept” is “concepts,” with an “s” added.
Liés à (past participle, masculine plural) – Related to
Grammar: “Liés” agrees in gender and number with “concepts” (masculine plural).
Intelligence artificielle (feminine noun phrase) – Artificial intelligence
Grammar: “Artificielle” agrees with “intelligence” in gender (feminine).
Économique (adjective) – Economic
Grammar: Adjectives like “économique” are the same in both masculine and feminine forms.
Éducatif (adjective, masculine) – Educational
Grammar: The masculine form “éducatif” would become “éducative” in the feminine.
Approches pédagogiques (feminine plural noun phrase) – Pedagogical approaches
Grammar: “Pédagogiques” agrees with “approches” (feminine plural).
Ouvrages (masculine plural noun) – Works (books)
Grammar: “Ouvrages” is the plural form of “ouvrage.”
Sites internet (masculine plural noun phrase) – Websites
Grammar: “Sites” is plural, and “internet” is used as an invariant adjective.
Dédiés à (past participle, masculine plural) – Dedicated to
Grammar: “Dédiés” agrees with “ouvrages” (masculine plural).
Connaissances (feminine plural noun) – Knowledge
Grammar: Often used in the plural form to indicate various pieces of knowledge.
Mathématiques (feminine plural noun) – Mathematics
Grammar: Always plural in French, hence “les mathématiques.”
Complexes (adjective, masculine/feminine plural) – Complex
Grammar: “Complexes” agrees with the noun it modifies in number and gender.
Déroutantes (adjective, feminine plural) – Confusing
Grammar: “Déroutantes” agrees with “approches” (feminine plural).
Idée (feminine noun) – Idea
Grammar: “Une” would be the indefinite article for this feminine noun.
À travers (preposition phrase) – Through
Grammar: “À travers” is a fixed prepositional phrase meaning “through.”
Montrer (verb) – To show
Grammar: An infinitive verb, used here to indicate purpose.
Façon (feminine noun) – Way
Grammar: “Façon” requires “une” as the indefinite article in singular.
Par la pratique (prepositional phrase) – Through practice
Grammar: “La pratique” uses the definite article “la” for the feminine noun “pratique.”
Création (feminine noun) – Creation
Grammar: The ending “-tion” indicates it is feminine.
Projets (masculine plural noun) – Projects
Grammar: The plural form of “projet” is “projets.”
Autour de (preposition phrase) – Around
Grammar: “Autour de” is used to indicate something surrounding or related to.
Mettre de côté (verb phrase) – To set aside
Grammar: “Mettre” is an infinitive verb, and “de côté” is an idiomatic phrase.
Autant que possible (adverbial phrase) – As much as possible
Grammar: “Autant” is used in comparisons and expressions of quantity.
Formules (feminine plural noun) – Formulas
Grammar: “Formules” is the plural form of “formule.”
Mathématiques (feminine plural noun) – Mathematics
Grammar: As mentioned earlier, always plural in French.
Statistiques (feminine plural noun) – Statistics
Grammar: Also always plural, similar to “mathématiques.”
Objectif (masculine noun) – Objective
Grammar: The masculine form would change to “objective” if it were feminine.
Compréhensibles (adjective, masculine/feminine plural) – Understandable
Grammar: The adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in number and gender.
Applicables (adjective, masculine/feminine plural) – Applicable
Grammar: Like “compréhensibles,” it agrees with the noun in number and gender.
Concepts (masculine plural noun) – Concepts
Grammar: The plural form as seen earlier.
Machine Learning (borrowed term, masculine noun phrase) – Machine Learning
Grammar: Borrowed terms like this often retain their original form.
Deep Learning (borrowed term, masculine noun phrase) – Deep Learning
Grammar: Similar to “Machine Learning,” treated as a masculine noun.
Toute personne (feminine singular noun phrase) – Any person
Grammar: “Toute” agrees with “personne” (feminine singular).
Âgée (adjective, feminine singular) – Aged
Grammar: “Âgée” agrees with “personne” (feminine singular).
Entre (preposition) – Between
Grammar: “Entre” is a preposition used to express a range.
Notion (feminine noun) – Notion
Grammar: Feminine, with the plural being “notions.”
Abordée (past participle, feminine singular) – Addressed
Grammar: “Abordée” agrees with “notion” (feminine singular).
Illustrée (past participle, feminine singular) – Illustrated
Grammar: Similar to “abordée,” agrees with “notion.”
À l’aide de (prepositional phrase) – With the help of
Grammar: “À l’aide de” is a common phrase for indicating assistance.
Cas pratiques (masculine plural noun phrase) – Practical cases
Grammar: “Pratiques” agrees with “cas” (masculine plural).
Langage Python (masculine noun phrase) – Python language
Grammar: “Langage” is masculine; “Python” is used as a proper noun.
Nombreux commentaires (adjective + masculine plural noun) – Numerous comments
Grammar: “Nombreux” agrees with “commentaires” (masculine plural).
Présents (adjective, masculine plural) – Present
Grammar: “Présents” agrees with “commentaires” (masculine plural).
Faciliter (verb) – To facilitate
Grammar: Another infinitive verb, indicating purpose.
Compréhension (feminine noun) – Understanding
Grammar: Feminine noun, often preceded by “la” for “the understanding.”
Code (masculine noun) – Code
Grammar: “Le code” is the masculine form, with “le” as the definite article.
Mise en pratique (feminine noun phrase) – Implementation (literally: putting into practice)
Grammar: “Mise” is a noun derived from the verb “mettre” and is feminine.
Notions abstraites (feminine plural noun phrase) – Abstract notions
Grammar: “Notions” is feminine and plural, and “abstraites” agrees in number and gender.
Souhait (masculine noun) – Wish
Grammar: “Un souhait” uses “un” as the masculine singular indefinite article.
Vulgariser (verb) – To popularize
Grammar: This verb is in the infinitive form, used to express the action of making something more accessible.
L’intelligence artificielle (feminine noun phrase) – Artificial intelligence
Grammar: “L’” is the elided form of “la” used before a vowel sound.
Priorité (feminine noun) – Priority
Grammar: “Une priorité” uses “une” as the feminine singular indefinite article.
Sur le plan économique (prepositional phrase) – On the economic level
Grammar: “Le” is the masculine definite article, and “plan” is masculine.
Approches pédagogiques (feminine plural noun phrase) – Pedagogical approaches
Grammar: “Pédagogiques” agrees with “approches” (feminine plural).
Ouvrages (masculine plural noun) – Works
Grammar: “Ouvrages” is the plural form, indicating more than one book or work.
Sites internet (masculine plural noun phrase) – Websites
Grammar: “Sites” is plural, while “internet” is an invariant adjective.
Dédiés à l’intelligence artificielle (past participle, masculine plural + prepositional phrase) – Dedicated to artificial intelligence
Grammar: “Dédiés” agrees with “ouvrages” (masculine plural).
Connaissances suffisantes (feminine plural noun phrase) – Sufficient knowledge
Grammar: “Suffisantes” agrees with “connaissances” (feminine plural).
Mathématiques (feminine plural noun) – Mathematics
Grammar: Always used in the plural form in French.
Très complexes (adverb + adjective, masculine/feminine plural) – Very complex
Grammar: “Complexes” agrees with the noun it modifies in number and gender.
Déroutantes (adjective, feminine plural) – Confusing
Grammar: Agrees with the noun “approches” (feminine plural).
L’idée (feminine noun) – The idea
Grammar: “L’” is the elided form of “la” before a vowel sound.
Montrer (verb) – To show
Grammar: Infinitive verb, used to express the action.
Vulgarisée (past participle, feminine singular) – Popularized
Grammar: Agrees with the feminine noun it modifies, “façon.”
Pratique (feminine noun) – Practice
Grammar: “La pratique” uses “la” as the definite article for feminine nouns.
Création de projets (feminine noun phrase) – Creation of projects
Grammar: “Création” is feminine, and “de” is used to link the two nouns.
Mettre de côté (verb phrase) – To set aside
Grammar: “Mettre” is the infinitive form, and “de côté” is an idiomatic expression.
Formules mathématiques (feminine plural noun phrase) – Mathematical formulas
Grammar: “Mathématiques” agrees with “formules” (feminine plural).
Statistiques (feminine plural noun) – Statistics
Grammar: Like “mathématiques,” it is always used in the plural form.
L’objectif (masculine noun) – The objective
Grammar: “L’” is the elided form of “le” before a vowel sound.
Compréhensibles (adjective, masculine/feminine plural) – Understandable
Grammar: Agrees with the noun it modifies in number and gender.
Applicables (adjective, masculine/feminine plural) – Applicable
Grammar: Like “compréhensibles,” it agrees with the noun in number and gender.
Concepts du Machine Learning (masculine plural noun phrase) – Concepts of Machine Learning
Grammar: “Du” is the contraction of “de + le,” indicating possession.
Deep Learning (borrowed term, masculine noun phrase) – Deep Learning
Grammar: Treated as a masculine noun phrase in French.
Toute personne (feminine noun phrase) – Any person
Grammar: “Toute” agrees with “personne” (feminine singular).
Âgée (adjective, feminine singular) – Aged
Grammar: Agrees with “personne” (feminine singular).
Entre 15 et 99 ans (prepositional phrase) – Between 15 and 99 years old
Grammar: “Entre” is used to indicate a range.
Notion abordée (feminine noun phrase) – Addressed notion
Grammar: “Abordée” is a past participle agreeing with “notion” (feminine singular).
Illustrée (past participle, feminine singular) – Illustrated
Grammar: Agrees with “notion” (feminine singular).
À l’aide de cas pratiques (prepositional phrase) – With the help of practical cases
Grammar: “À l’aide de” is used to indicate assistance, and “cas pratiques” is masculine plural.
Langage Python (masculine noun phrase) – Python language
Grammar: “Langage” is masculine, and “Python” is a proper noun.
Nombreux commentaires (adjective + masculine plural noun) – Numerous comments
Grammar: “Nombreux” agrees with “commentaires” (masculine plural).
Présents (adjective, masculine plural) – Present
Grammar: Agrees with “commentaires” (masculine plural).
Faciliter la compréhension (verb phrase) – To facilitate understanding
Grammar: “Faciliter” is in the infinitive form, and “la compréhension” uses the definite article “la” (feminine).
Code (masculine noun) – Code
Grammar: “Le code” uses “le” as the definite article for masculine nouns.
Mise en pratique (feminine noun phrase) – Implementation
Grammar: “Mise” is feminine, often used in the phrase “mise en pratique.”
Notions abstraites (feminine plural noun phrase) – Abstract notions
Grammar: “Abstraites” agrees with “notions” (feminine plural).
Souhait de vulgarisation (masculine noun phrase) – Wish for popularization
Grammar: “De” links the noun “souhait” with “vulgarisation” (feminine noun).
Concepts liés à (masculine plural noun phrase) – Concepts related to
Grammar: “Liés” agrees with “concepts” (masculine plural).
Priorité économique (feminine noun phrase) – Economic priority
Grammar: “Économique” agrees with “priorité” (feminine singular).
Approches pédagogiques effectuées (feminine plural noun phrase) – Pedagogical approaches conducted
Grammar: “Effectuées” agrees with “approches” (feminine plural).
Aujourd’hui (adverb) – Today
Grammar: Invariable adverb, meaning it does not change form.
Connaissances en mathématiques (feminine plural noun phrase) – Knowledge in mathematics
Grammar: “En” is used to indicate the field or area of knowledge.
Très complexes et déroutantes (adjective phrase, masculine/feminine plural) – Very complex and confusing
Grammar: Both adjectives agree with the noun they modify.
L’idée à travers cet ouvrage (feminine noun phrase) – The idea through this work
Grammar: “L’idée” uses the elided form of “la” before a vowel sound.
Créer des projets autour de (verb phrase) – To create projects around
Grammar: “Créer” is in the infinitive form, indicating an action.
Formules mathématiques (feminine plural noun phrase) – Mathematical formulas
Grammar: “Mathématiques” agrees with “formules” (feminine plural).
Objectif du livre (masculine noun phrase) – Objective of the book
Grammar: “Du” is the contraction of “de + le,” indicating possession.
p 18
Auteur (masculine noun) – Author
Grammar: “Un mot sur l’auteur” uses “l’” as the elided form of “le” before a vowel sound.
Abandonnons (verb, 1st person plural imperative) – Let’s abandon
Grammar: Imperative form used to give a command or suggestion.
Quelques instants (masculine plural noun phrase) – A few moments
Grammar: “Quelques” is an indefinite adjective meaning “a few,” and “instants” is plural.
Au profit de (prepositional phrase) – In favor of
Grammar: “Au” is a contraction of “à + le,” indicating direction or benefit.
Je (pronoun, 1st person singular) – I
Grammar: Personal pronoun used for self-reference.
Risquer (verb) – To risk
Grammar: Infinitive form, often followed by a subordinate clause or infinitive verb.
Choquer (verb) – To shock
Grammar: Infinitive form, indicating the potential effect of an action.
Datascientist (borrowed term, masculine noun) – Data scientist
Grammar: Treated as a masculine noun in French, despite being an English loanword.
Chercheur (masculine noun) – Researcher
Grammar: The feminine form would be “chercheuse.”
Cependant (conjunction) – However
Grammar: Used to introduce a contrast or exception.
Souhaitant (present participle) – Wishing
Grammar: Present participle form used to express an ongoing action.
Clients (masculine plural noun) – Clients
Grammar: The plural form of “client.”
Compréhension (feminine noun) – Understanding
Grammar: Feminine noun, often preceded by “la” for “the understanding.”
Enjeux (masculine plural noun) – Stakes, challenges
Grammar: Plural form of “enjeu,” meaning important issues or challenges.
Mise en place (feminine noun phrase) – Implementation
Grammar: “Mise” is feminine, and the phrase is commonly used for setting up something.
Algorithmes (masculine plural noun) – Algorithms
Grammar: The plural form of “algorithme.”
Liés à (past participle, masculine plural) – Related to
Grammar: “Liés” agrees with “algorithmes” (masculine plural).
Machine Learning (borrowed term, masculine noun phrase) – Machine Learning
Grammar: Treated as a masculine noun in French.
Évolution du métier (feminine noun phrase) – Evolution of the profession
Grammar: “Évolution” is feminine, and “du” is the contraction of “de + le.”
Développeur (masculine noun) – Developer
Grammar: The feminine form would be “développeuse.”
Oblige (verb, 3rd person singular present) – Requires
Grammar: “Oblige” is the present tense form of the verb “obliger.”
Confronté (past participle, masculine singular) – Confronted
Grammar: Agrees with the masculine subject “je.”
Apprentissage (masculine noun) – Learning
Grammar: “L’apprentissage” uses “l’” as the elided form of “le.”
Non sans mal (idiomatic phrase) – Not without difficulty
Grammar: “Mal” in this context means difficulty or hardship.
Différents concepts (adjective + masculine plural noun) – Different concepts
Grammar: “Différents” agrees with “concepts” (masculine plural).
Issu de (past participle, masculine singular + preposition) – Resulting from
Grammar: “Issu” agrees with “ouvrage” (implied subject, masculine singular).
Expérience personnelle (feminine noun phrase) – Personal experience
Grammar: “Personnelle” agrees with “expérience” (feminine singular).
Souhait de partager (masculine noun phrase) – Wish to share
Grammar: “De” links the noun “souhait” with the infinitive verb “partager.”
Connaissances acquises (feminine plural noun phrase) – Acquired knowledge
Grammar: “Acquises” agrees with “connaissances” (feminine plural).
Au travers de (prepositional phrase) – Through
Grammar: “Au travers de” is used to indicate the means or method.
Regard (masculine noun) – Perspective
Grammar: “Le regard” uses “le” as the definite article.
Personne (feminine noun) – Person
Grammar: “Personne” is feminine, regardless of the gender of the person it refers to.
Utiliser (verb) – To use
Grammar: Infinitive form, used to express an action.
Sans pour autant (conjunction phrase) – Without necessarily
Grammar: Used to indicate a condition or exception.
Connaître (verb) – To know
Grammar: Infinitive form, used to express knowledge.
Moindres détails (adjective + masculine plural noun) – Minor details
Grammar: “Moindres” agrees with “détails” (masculine plural).
Visser (verb) – To screw
Grammar: Infinitive form, indicating the action.
Vis cruciforme (feminine noun phrase) – Phillips screw
Grammar: “Cruciforme” agrees with “vis” (feminine singular).
Tournevis cruciforme (masculine noun phrase) – Phillips screwdriver
Grammar: “Cruciforme” agrees with “tournevis” (masculine singular).
Passons à présent (verb phrase, 1st person plural imperative + adverb) – Let’s move on now
Grammar: Imperative form of “passer,” suggesting a transition.
Curriculum vitae (masculine noun phrase) – Curriculum vitae
Grammar: Treated as a masculine noun in French.
Ayant commencé (present participle + past participle) – Having started
Grammar: “Ayant” is the present participle of “avoir,” followed by the past participle.
Carrière (feminine noun) – Career
Grammar: “La carrière” uses “la” as the definite article.
Informatique (feminine noun) – Computer science
Grammar: “L’informatique” uses “l’” as the elided form of “la.”
Langage de programmation (masculine noun phrase) – Programming language
Grammar: “De” links the nouns “langage” and “programmation.”
Framework (borrowed term, masculine noun) – Framework
Grammar: Borrowed from English, treated as a masculine noun in French.
Lié à l’agilité (past participle, masculine singular + prepositional phrase) – Related to agility
Grammar: “Lié” agrees with “framework” (masculine singular).
Transformation digitale (feminine noun phrase) – Digital transformation
Grammar: “Digitale” agrees with “transformation” (feminine singular).
Grande école de commerce (feminine noun phrase) – Prestigious business school
Grammar: “Grande” agrees with “école” (feminine singular).
Accompagner (verb) – To support, to guide
Grammar: Infinitive form, indicating the action.