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病理生理学 (bìng lǐ shēng lǐ xué) – Pathophysiology
第八版 (dì bā bǎn) – Eighth Edition
全国高等学校教材 (quán guó gāo děng xué xiào jiào cái) – National Higher Education Textbook
普通高等教育 (pǔ tōng gāo děng jiào yù) – General Higher Education
本科国家级规划教材 (běn kē guó jiā jí guī huà jiào cái) – Undergraduate National Planned Textbook
卫生部 (wèi shēng bù) – Ministry of Health
规划教材 (guī huà jiào cái) – Planned Textbook
医学类 (yī xué lèi) – Medical Category
药物教育 (yào wù jiào yù) – Pharmaceutical Education
研究会 (yán jiū huì) – Research Association
供基础 (gòng jī chǔ) – For Basic (Foundations)
临床 (lín chuáng) – Clinical
预防 (yù fáng) – Prevention
口腔医学类 (kǒu qiāng yī xué lèi) – Stomatology
主审 (zhǔ shěn) – Chief Reviewer
主编 (zhǔ biān) – Editor-in-Chief
金惠铭 (jīn huì míng) – Jin Huiming (Name)
王建枝 (wáng jiàn zhī) – Wang Jianzhi (Name)
殷莲华 (yīn lián huá) – Yin Lianhua (Name)
副主编 (fù zhǔ biān) – Deputy Editor-in-Chief
吴立玲 (wú lì líng) – Wu Liling (Name)
孙连坤 (sūn lián kūn) – Sun Liankun (Name)
李文焯 (lǐ wén zhuó) – Li Wenzhuo (Name)
供 (gòng) – For
基础 (jī chǔ) – Foundation
专业用 (zhuān yè yòng) – Professional Use
高校 (gāo xiào) – Colleges and Universities
教育 (jiào yù) – Education
教材 (jiào cái) – Teaching Material
建设 (jiàn shè) – Construction/Development
国家级 (guó jiā jí) – National Level
研究 (yán jiū) – Research
用书 (yòng shū) – Textbook
普通 (pǔ tōng) – General
全国 (quán guó) – National
卫生 (wèi shēng) – Health
高等 (gāo děng) – Higher
医学 (yī xué) – Medicine
药物 (yào wù) – Pharmaceutical
出版 (chū bǎn) – Publish
p 3
绪论 (xù lùn) – Introduction
性质 (xìng zhì) – Nature
任务 (rèn wù) – Tasks
特点 (tè diǎn) – Characteristics
病理生理学 (bìng lǐ shēng lǐ xué) – Pathophysiology
研究 (yán jiū) – Research
疾病 (jí bìng) – Disease
发展过程 (fā zhǎn guò chéng) – Development process
功能 (gōng néng) – Function
结构 (jié gòu) – Structure
变化 (biàn huà) – Changes
原因 (yuán yīn) – Causes
发病机制 (fā bìng jī zhì) – Pathogenesis
诊断 (zhěn duàn) – Diagnosis
治疗 (zhì liáo) – Treatment
预防 (yù fáng) – Prevention
临床医学 (lín chuáng yī xué) – Clinical medicine
应用 (yìng yòng) – Application
分析 (fēn xī) – Analysis
症状 (zhèng zhuàng) – Symptoms
体征 (tǐ zhēng) – Signs
病程 (bìng chéng) – Course of disease
康复 (kāng fù) – Rehabilitation
适应 (shì yìng) – Adaptation
调节 (tiáo jié) – Regulation
紊乱 (wěn luàn) – Disorder
代谢 (dài xiè) – Metabolism
发展简史 (fā zhǎn jiǎn shǐ) – Development history
未来趋势 (wèi lái qū shì) – Future trends
临床 (lín chuáng) – Clinical
医学 (yī xué) – Medicine
分析 (fēn xī) – Analysis
疾病机制 (jí bìng jī zhì) – Disease mechanism
功能障碍 (gōng néng zhàng ài) – Functional impairment
形态学 (xíng tài xué) – Morphology
病理变化 (bìng lǐ biàn huà) – Pathological changes
症状与体征 (zhèng zhuàng yǔ tǐ zhēng) – Symptoms and signs
研究对象 (yán jiū duì xiàng) – Research subjects
基础医学 (jī chǔ yī xué) – Basic medicine
病理学 (bìng lǐ xué) – Pathology
Morgagni (Morgagni) – Morgagni
Virchow (Virchow) – Virchow
现代医学 (xiàn dài yī xué) – Modern medicine
影响 (yǐng xiǎng) – Influence
研究方向 (yán jiū fāng xiàng) – Research direction
疾病预防 (jí bìng yù fáng) – Disease prevention
病理解剖 (bìng lǐ jiě pōu) – Pathological anatomy
医学发展 (yī xué fā zhǎn) – Medical development
内科 (nèi kē) – Internal medicine
治疗方法 (zhì liáo fāng fǎ) – Treatment methods
药物治疗 (yào wù zhì liáo) – Drug therapy
外科 (wài kē) – Surgery
手术 (shǒu shù) – Surgery
实验室研究 (shí yàn shì yán jiū) – Laboratory research
临床应用 (lín chuáng yìng yòng) – Clinical application
病因 (bìng yīn) – Cause of disease
病程 (bìng chéng) – Course of disease
医学知识 (yī xué zhī shì) – Medical knowledge
免疫 (miǎn yì) – Immunity
抗体 (kàng tǐ) – Antibody
抗原 (kàng yuán) – Antigen
免疫反应 (miǎn yì fǎn yìng) – Immune response
病原体 (bìng yuán tǐ) – Pathogen
病理生理机制 (bìng lǐ shēng lǐ jī zhì) – Pathophysiological mechanism
内环境 (nèi huán jìng) – Internal environment
水盐代谢 (shuǐ yán dài xiè) – Water-salt metabolism
酸碱平衡 (suān jiǎn píng héng) – Acid-base balance
渗透压 (shèn tòu yā) – Osmotic pressure
水肿 (shuǐ zhǒng) – Edema
炎症 (yán zhèng) – Inflammation
组织损伤 (zǔ zhī sǔn shāng) – Tissue damage
感染 (gǎn rǎn) – Infection
病理过程 (bìng lǐ guò chéng) – Pathological process
血液循环 (xuè yè xún huán) – Blood circulation
氧气供应 (yǎng qì gōng yìng) – Oxygen supply
细胞 (xì bāo) – Cell
组织修复 (zǔ zhī xiū fù) – Tissue repair
损伤 (sǔn shāng) – Injury
免疫机制 (miǎn yì jī zhì) – Immune mechanism
代谢紊乱 (dài xiè wěn luàn) – Metabolic disorder
第一章 (dì yī zhāng) – Chapter One
总结 (zǒng jié) – Summary
概述 (gài shù) – Overview
病理过程 (bìng lǐ guò chéng) – Pathological process
功能失调 (gōng néng shī tiáo) – Functional disorder
病变 (bìng biàn) – Lesion
形态变化 (xíng tài biàn huà) – Morphological changes
疾病进展 (jí bìng jìn zhǎn) – Disease progression
调节机制 (tiáo jié jī zhì) – Regulatory mechanism
失衡 (shī héng) – Imbalance
代谢紊乱 (dài xiè wěn luàn) – Metabolic disorder
神经调节 (shén jīng tiáo jié) – Nervous regulation
内分泌调节 (nèi fēn mì tiáo jié) – Endocrine regulation
病因学 (bìng yīn xué) – Etiology
发病机制 (fā bìng jī zhì) – Mechanism of disease
致病因子 (zhì bìng yīn zǐ) – Pathogenic factors
疾病演变 (jí bìng yǎn biàn) – Disease evolution
病理状态 (bìng lǐ zhuàng tài) – Pathological state
系统性疾病 (xì tǒng xìng jí bìng) – Systemic diseases
局部病变 (jú bù bìng biàn) – Local lesion
发病率 (fā bìng lǜ) – Incidence rate
病死率 (bìng sǐ lǜ) – Mortality rate
危险因素 (wēi xiǎn yīn sù) – Risk factors
内外因素 (nèi wài yīn sù) – Internal and external factors
环境因素 (huán jìng yīn sù) – Environmental factors
遗传因素 (yí chuán yīn sù) – Genetic factors
疾病预防 (jí bìng yù fáng) – Disease prevention
早期诊断 (zǎo qī zhěn duàn) – Early diagnosis
疾病治疗 (jí bìng zhì liáo) – Disease treatment
功能恢复 (gōng néng huī fù) – Functional recovery
生活质量 (shēng huó zhì liàng) – Quality of life
医学进展 (yī xué jìn zhǎn) – Medical progress
临床研究 (lín chuáng yán jiū) – Clinical research
实验室检测 (shí yàn shì jiǎn cè) – Laboratory testing
生物标志物 (shēng wù biāo zhì wù) – Biomarkers
细胞病理 (xì bāo bìng lǐ) – Cellular pathology
组织病理 (zǔ zhī bìng lǐ) – Tissue pathology
分子病理 (fēn zǐ bìng lǐ) – Molecular pathology
病理诊断 (bìng lǐ zhěn duàn) – Pathological diagnosis
医学史 (yī xué shǐ) – History of medicine
病理生理变化 (bìng lǐ shēng lǐ biàn huà) – Pathophysiological changes
临床症状 (lín chuáng zhèng zhuàng) – Clinical symptoms
慢性疾病 (màn xìng jí bìng) – Chronic disease
急性发作 (jí xìng fā zuò) – Acute episode
病因分析 (bìng yīn fēn xī) – Cause analysis
疾病模型 (jí bìng mó xíng) – Disease model
实验动物 (shí yàn dòng wù) – Experimental animals
人类疾病 (rén lèi jí bìng) – Human diseases
医学实验 (yī xué shí yàn) – Medical experiment
病理分析 (bìng lǐ fēn xī) – Pathological analysis
科学研究 (kē xué yán jiū) – Scientific research
现代技术 (xiàn dài jì shù) – Modern technology
诊断方法 (zhěn duàn fāng fǎ) – Diagnostic methods
治疗手段 (zhì liáo shǒu duàn) – Treatment methods
健康评估 (jiàn kāng píng gū) – Health assessment
康复计划 (kāng fù jì huà) – Rehabilitation plan
临床表现 (lín chuáng biǎo xiàn) – Clinical manifestations
病程进展 (bìng chéng jìn zhǎn) – Disease progression
细胞凋亡 (xì bāo diāo wáng) – Apoptosis
组织坏死 (zǔ zhī huài sǐ – tissue*arrange*weave + necrosis*bad*death ) = Tissue necrosis
细胞死亡 (xìbāo sǐwáng) – cell death
组织死亡 (zǔzhī sǐwáng) – tissue death
局部坏死 (júbù huàisǐ) – local necrosis
组织再生 (zǔzhī zàishēng) – tissue regeneration
细胞存活 (xìbāo cúnhuó) – cell survival
组织坏死是一种严重的病理现象。- zǔzhī huàisǐ shì yī zhǒng yánzhòng de bìnglǐ xiànxiàng = Tissue necrosis is a serious pathological phenomenon.
医生发现了组织坏死的迹象。 – yīshēng fāxiàn le zǔzhī huàisǐ de jīxiàng = The doctor found signs of tissue necrosis.
p4
未来趋势 (wèi lái qū shì) – Future trends
医学模式 (yī xué mó shì) – Medical model
物理医学模式 (wù lǐ yī xué mó shì) – Physical medical model
生物-心理-社会医学模式 (shēng wù – xīn lǐ – shè huì yī xué mó shì) – Biopsychosocial medical model
疾病谱 (jí bìng pǔ) – Spectrum of disease
临床医学 (lín chuáng yī xué) – Clinical medicine
基础医学 (jī chǔ yī xué) – Basic medicine
教学 (jiào xué) – Teaching
研究 (yán jiū) – Research
转化医学 (zhuǎn huà yī xué) – Translational medicine
循证医学 (xún zhèng yī xué) – Evidence-based medicine
疾病预防 (jí bìng yù fáng) – Disease prevention
疾病谱变化 (jí bìng pǔ biàn huà) – Changes in the spectrum of diseases
技术发展 (jì shù fā zhǎn) – Technological development
跨学科研究 (kuà xué kē yán jiū) – Interdisciplinary research
系统医学 (xì tǒng yī xué) – Systems medicine
基因组 (jī yīn zǔ) – Genome
后基因组时代 (hòu jī yīn zǔ shí dài) – Post-genomic era
个体化医学 (gè tǐ huà yī xué) – Personalized medicine
精准医学 (jīng zhǔn yī xué) – Precision medicine
现代医学 (xiàn dài yī xué) – Modern medicine
生物学研究 (shēng wù xué yán jiū) – Biological research
临床应用 (lín chuáng yìng yòng) – Clinical application
健康管理 (jiàn kāng guǎn lǐ) – Health management
医学教育 (yī xué jiào yù) – Medical education
科研平台 (kē yán píng tái) – Research platform
教学内容 (jiào xué nèi róng) – Teaching content
学习方法 (xué xí fāng fǎ) – Learning methods
理论课 (lǐ lùn kè) – Theory course
实验课 (shí yàn kè) – Laboratory course
主要内容 (zhǔ yào nèi róng) – Main content
课堂教学 (kè táng jiào xué) – Classroom teaching
理论知识 (lǐ lùn zhī shì) – Theoretical knowledge
组织病理学 (zǔ zhī bìng lǐ xué) – Histopathology
生理学 (shēng lǐ xué) – Physiology
病理学 (bìng lǐ xué) – Pathology
免疫学 (miǎn yì xué) – Immunology
药理学 (yào lǐ xué) – Pharmacology
病理生理学 (bìng lǐ shēng lǐ xué) – Pathophysiology
代谢调节 (dài xiè tiáo jié) – Metabolic regulation
内分泌系统 (nèi fēn mì xì tǒng) – Endocrine system
神经系统 (shén jīng xì tǒng) – Nervous system
心血管系统 (xīn xuè guǎn xì tǒng) – Cardiovascular system
呼吸系统 (hū xī xì tǒng) – Respiratory system
消化系统 (xiāo huà xì tǒng) – Digestive system
泌尿系统 (mì niào xì tǒng) – Urinary system
生殖系统 (shēng zhí xì tǒng) – Reproductive system
调节机制 (tiáo jié jī zhì) – Regulatory mechanism
疾病防治 (jí bìng fáng zhì) – Disease prevention and treatment
病因学 (bìng yīn xué) – Etiology
疾病过程 (jí bìng guò chéng) – Disease process
病程 (bìng chéng) – Course of disease
疾病治疗 (jí bìng zhì liáo) – Disease treatment
健康促进 (jiàn kāng cù jìn) – Health promotion
实验研究 (shí yàn yán jiū) – Experimental research
临床实践 (lín chuáng shí jiàn) – Clinical practice
医学生 (yī xué shēng) – Medical student
病理机制 (bìng lǐ jī zhì) – Pathological mechanism
实验设计 (shí yàn shè jì) – Experimental design
数据分析 (shù jù fēn xī) – Data analysis
文献综述 (wén xiàn zōng shù) – Literature review
疾病模型 (jí bìng mó xíng) – Disease model
临床症状 (lín chuáng zhèng zhuàng) – Clinical symptoms
诊断标准 (zhěn duàn biāo zhǔn) – Diagnostic criteria
诊断方法 (zhěn duàn fāng fǎ) – Diagnostic methods
疾病分类 (jí bìng fēn lèi) – Disease classification
疾病预后 (jí bìng yù hòu) – Disease prognosis
病理实验 (bìng lǐ shí yàn) – Pathological experiment
医学伦理 (yī xué lún lǐ) – Medical ethics
医学哲学 (yī xué zhé xué) – Medical philosophy
疾病机制 (jí bìng jī zhì) – Disease mechanism
病理损伤 (bìng lǐ sǔn shāng) – Pathological injury
病理学说 (bìng lǐ xué shuō) – Pathological theory
疾病预防 (jí bìng yù fáng) – Disease prevention
综合征 (zōng hé zhēng) – Syndrome
症候群 (zhèng hòu qún) – Syndrome
病理生理变化 (bìng lǐ shēng lǐ biàn huà) – Pathophysiological changes
疾病管理 (jí bìng guǎn lǐ) – Disease management
公共卫生 (gōng gòng wèi shēng) – Public health
医学统计 (yī xué tǒng jì) – Medical statistics
整合医学 (zhěng hé yī xué) – Integrative medicine
多学科 (duō xué kē) – Multidisciplinary
疾病机制 (jí bìng jī zhì) – Disease mechanisms
教学模式 (jiào xué mó shì) – Teaching model
课程设置 (kè chéng shè zhì) – Curriculum design
理论学习 (lǐ lùn xué xí) – Theoretical learning
实验课程 (shí yàn kè chéng) – Experimental courses
知识体系 (zhī shì tǐ xì) – Knowledge system
基础研究 (jī chǔ yán jiū) – Basic research
教学实践 (jiào xué shí jiàn) – Teaching practice
医患关系 (yī huàn guān xì) – Doctor-patient relationship
临床技能 (lín chuáng jì néng) – Clinical skills
病理基础 (bìng lǐ jī chǔ) – Pathological basis
教学改革 (jiào xué gǎi gé) – Teaching reform
医疗技术 (yī liáo jì shù) – Medical technology
医学教育体系 (yī xué jiào yù tǐ xì) – Medical education system
科学发展 (kē xué fā zhǎn) – Scientific development
国际合作 (guó jì hé zuò) – International cooperation
研究方法 (yán jiū fāng fǎ) – Research methods
医学进步 (yī xué jìn bù) – Medical progress
疾病管理 (jí bìng guǎn lǐ) – Disease management
健康促进 (jiàn kāng cù jìn) – Health promotion
健康教育 (jiàn kāng jiào yù) – Health education
医学史 (yī xué shǐ) – History of medicine
医学生培养 (yī xué shēng péi yǎng) – Medical student training
医学模式变革 (yī xué mó shì biàn gé) – Change in medical models
临床教学 (lín chuáng jiào xué) – Clinical teaching
理论体系 (lǐ lùn tǐ xì) – Theoretical system
教学资源 (jiào xué zī yuán) – Teaching resources
医疗保健 (yī liáo bǎo jiàn) – Healthcare
医学研究 (yī xué yán jiū) – Medical research
学科发展 (xué kē fā zhǎn) – Discipline development
疾病谱 (jí bìng pǔ) – Spectrum of diseases
个体差异 (gè tǐ chā yì) – Individual differences
精准医疗 (jīng zhǔn yī liáo) – Precision medicine
医学伦理 (yī xué lún lǐ) – Medical ethics
课程设计 (kè chéng shè jì) – Course design
教育方法 (jiào yù fāng fǎ) – Educational methods
临床医学基础 (lín chuáng yī xué jī chǔ) – Fundamentals of clinical medicine
临床病理 (lín chuáng bìng lǐ) – Clinical pathology
医学研究生 (yī xué yán jiū shēng) – Medical graduate student
医学创新 (yī xué chuàng xīn) – Medical innovation
健康科学 (jiàn kāng kē xué) – Health science
循证医学 (xún zhèng yī xué) – Evidence-based medicine
实验教学 (shí yàn jiào xué) – Experimental teaching
专业培训 (zhuān yè péi xùn) – Professional training
社会医学 (shè huì yī xué) – Social medicine
技术创新 (jì shù chuàng xīn) – Technological innovation
医学教育改革 (yī xué jiào yù gǎi gé) – Medical education reform
p5
学习方法 (xué xí fāng fǎ) – Learning methods
理论性 (lǐ lùn xìng) – Theoretical nature
理解能力 (lǐ jiě néng lì) – Comprehension ability
分析能力 (fēn xī néng lì) – Analytical ability
综合能力 (zōng hé néng lì) – Comprehensive ability
疾病原因 (jí bìng yuán yīn) – Cause of disease
疾病机制 (jí bìng jī zhì) – Disease mechanism
临床表现 (lín chuáng biǎo xiàn) – Clinical manifestations
实际应用 (shí jì yìng yòng) – Practical application
实验教学 (shí yàn jiào xué) – Experimental teaching
病理生理学 (bìng lǐ shēng lǐ xué) – Pathophysiology
活体 (huó tǐ) – Living body
人体模型 (rén tǐ mó xíng) – Human model
疾病模拟 (jí bìng mó nǐ) – Disease simulation
实验动物 (shí yàn dòng wù) – Experimental animals
疾病发展 (jí bìng fā zhǎn) – Disease progression
病理变化 (bìng lǐ biàn huà) – Pathological changes
病理研究 (bìng lǐ yán jiū) – Pathological research
病理机制 (bìng lǐ jī zhì) – Pathological mechanism
病程分析 (bìng chéng fēn xī) – Course of disease analysis
组织损伤 (zǔ zhī sǔn shāng) – Tissue injury
细胞培养 (xì bāo péi yǎng) – Cell culture
原代细胞 (yuán dài xì bāo) – Primary cell
细胞模型 (xì bāo mó xíng) – Cell model
体外实验 (tǐ wài shí yàn) – In vitro experiment
细胞凋亡 (xì bāo diāo wáng) – Apoptosis
细胞分裂 (xì bāo fēn liè) – Cell division
细胞增殖 (xì bāo zēng zhí) – Cell proliferation
细胞分化 (xì bāo fēn huà) – Cell differentiation
基因表达 (jī yīn biǎo dá) – Gene expression
细胞凋亡信号 (xì bāo diāo wáng xìn hào) – Apoptotic signaling
病变细胞 (bìng biàn xì bāo) – Diseased cells
癌细胞 (ái xì bāo) – Cancer cells
抗体反应 (kàng tǐ fǎn yìng) – Antibody response
免疫反应 (miǎn yì fǎn yìng) – Immune response
炎症反应 (yán zhèng fǎn yìng) – Inflammatory response
病理实验 (bìng lǐ shí yàn) – Pathological experiment
病理过程 (bìng lǐ guò chéng) – Pathological process
血管生成 (xuè guǎn shēng chéng) – Angiogenesis
肿瘤血管 (zhǒng liú xuè guǎn) – Tumor vasculature
肿瘤细胞 (zhǒng liú xì bāo) – Tumor cells
细胞周期 (xì bāo zhōu qī) – Cell cycle
细胞增殖周期 (xì bāo zēng zhí zhōu qī) – Cell proliferation cycle
蛋白质合成 (dàn bái zhí hé chéng) – Protein synthesis
RNA转录 (RNA zhuǎn lù) – RNA transcription
DNA复制 (DNA fù zhì) – DNA replication
基因突变 (jī yīn tū biàn) – Gene mutation
染色体异常 (rǎn sè tǐ yì cháng) – Chromosomal abnormalities
细胞增殖信号 (xì bāo zēng zhí xìn hào) – Cell proliferation signaling
细胞迁移 (xì bāo qiān yí) – Cell migration
细胞侵袭 (xì bāo qīn xí) – Cell invasion
癌症扩散 (ái zhèng kuò sàn) – Cancer metastasis
细胞修复 (xì bāo xiū fù) – Cell repair
细胞再生 (xì bāo zài shēng) – Cell regeneration
细胞死亡 (xì bāo sǐ wáng) – Cell death
病原体 (bìng yuán tǐ) – Pathogen
病毒感染 (bìng dú gǎn rǎn) – Viral infection
细菌感染 (xì jùn gǎn rǎn) – Bacterial infection
真菌感染 (zhēn jūn gǎn rǎn) – Fungal infection
免疫逃逸 (miǎn yì táo yì) – Immune evasion
肿瘤免疫 (zhǒng liú miǎn yì) – Tumor immunity
免疫抑制 (miǎn yì yì zhì) – Immune suppression
自身免疫 (zì shēn miǎn yì) – Autoimmunity
免疫逃逸机制 (miǎn yì táo yì jī zhì) – Immune evasion mechanism
细胞信号传导 (xì bāo xìn hào chuán dǎo) – Cell signaling
信号通路 (xìn hào tōng lù) – Signaling pathway
细胞通讯 (xì bāo tōng xùn) – Cell communication
基因编辑 (jī yīn biān jí) – Gene editing
基因调控 (jī yīn tiáo kòng) – Gene regulation
基因工程 (jī yīn gōng chéng) – Genetic engineering
遗传病 (yí chuán bìng) – Genetic disease
遗传机制 (yí chuán jī zhì) – Genetic mechanism
基因疗法 (jī yīn liáo fǎ) – Gene therapy
疾病治疗 (jí bìng zhì liáo) – Disease treatment
医学研究 (yī xué yán jiū) – Medical research
生物技术 (shēng wù jì shù) – Biotechnology
再生医学 (zài shēng yī xué) – Regenerative medicine
细胞再生 (xì bāo zài shēng) – Cell regeneration
医学进展 (yī xué jìn zhǎn) – Medical progress
健康促进 (jiàn kāng cù jìn) – Health promotion
思维能力 (sī wéi néng lì) – Thinking ability
实践能力 (shí jiàn néng lì) – Practical ability
分析能力 (fēn xī néng lì) – Analytical ability
整合能力 (zhěng hé néng lì) – Integrative ability
实验课 (shí yàn kè) – Laboratory course
综合实验 (zōng hé shí yàn) – Comprehensive experiment
实验设计 (shí yàn shè jì) – Experimental design
实验操作 (shí yàn cāo zuò) – Experimental operation
观察与分析 (guān chá yǔ fēn xī) – Observation and analysis
病理机制 (bìng lǐ jī zhì) – Pathological mechanism
病理过程 (bìng lǐ guò chéng) – Pathological process
体外实验 (tǐ wài shí yàn) – In vitro experiment
组织培养 (zǔ zhī péi yǎng) – Tissue culture
细胞实验 (xì bāo shí yàn) – Cell experiment
临床试验 (lín chuáng shì yàn) – Clinical trial
动物实验 (dòng wù shí yàn) – Animal experiment
实验技术 (shí yàn jì shù) – Experimental technology
实验材料 (shí yàn cái liào) – Experimental materials
实验器具 (shí yàn qì jù) – Experimental apparatus
实验记录 (shí yàn jì lù) – Experimental record
实验报告 (shí yàn bào gào) – Experimental report
实验结果 (shí yàn jié guǒ) – Experimental results
实验分析 (shí yàn fēn xī) – Experimental analysis
实验总结 (shí yàn zǒng jié) – Experimental summary
病理特征 (bìng lǐ tè zhēng) – Pathological characteristics
病因学 (bìng yīn xué) – Etiology
临床症状 (lín chuáng zhèng zhuàng) – Clinical symptoms
疾病模型 (jí bìng mó xíng) – Disease model
疾病预防 (jí bìng yù fáng) – Disease prevention
疾病监测 (jí bìng jiān cè) – Disease monitoring
疾病管理 (jí bìng guǎn lǐ) – Disease management
疾病干预 (jí bìng gān yù) – Disease intervention
疾病诊断 (jí bìng zhěn duàn) – Disease diagnosis
临床研究 (lín chuáng yán jiū) – Clinical research
疾病进展 (jí bìng jìn zhǎn) – Disease progression
病理研究 (bìng lǐ yán jiū) – Pathological research
病理变化 (bìng lǐ biàn huà) – Pathological changes
组织损伤 (zǔ zhī sǔn shāng) – Tissue injury
细胞培养 (xì bāo péi yǎng) – Cell culture
实验方案 (shí yàn fāng àn) – Experimental plan
理论与实践 (lǐ lùn yǔ shí jiàn) – Theory and practice
学习过程 (xué xí guò chéng) – Learning process
学习方法 (xué xí fāng fǎ) – Learning methods
知识体系 (zhī shì tǐ xì) – Knowledge system
学科交叉 (xué kē jiāo chā) – Interdisciplinary
学术研究 (xué shù yán jiū) – Academic research
文献综述 (wén xiàn zōng shù) – Literature review
数据分析 (shù jù fēn xī) – Data analysis
统计分析 (tǒng jì fēn xī) – Statistical analysis
医学统计 (yī xué tǒng jì) – Medical statistics
实验设计 (shí yàn shè jì) – Experimental design
医学实验 (yī xué shí yàn) – Medical experiment
病理实验 (bìng lǐ shí yàn) – Pathological experiment
细胞实验 (xì bāo shí yàn) – Cell experiment
动物实验 (dòng wù shí yàn) – Animal experiment
临床实验 (lín chuáng shí yàn) – Clinical experiment
实验室工作 (shí yàn shì gōng zuò) – Laboratory work
实验器材 (shí yàn qì cái) – Experimental equipment
实验结果 (shí yàn jié guǒ) – Experimental results
实验总结 (shí yàn zǒng jié) – Experimental summary