Past tense verb
past tense verb เอา infinitive verb มา add ending ตาม gender and number
การ formation of Past tense
1. หา verb stem จากนั้น remove -ть จาก verb
говорить -> говори – speak
писать -> писат – write
2. Add past tense ending
musculine -л
говорил He spoke. , писал He wrote.
feminine -ла
говорила She spoke , писала She wrote.
Neutral -ло
говорило It spoke. , писало It wrote .
Plural -ли
говорили They spoke. , писали They wrote.
Example with different verbs
1. Regular verbs
Examples with Different Verbs
- Regular Verbs:
- читать (chitat’) – to read
- Masculine: читал (chital) – he read
- Feminine: читала (chitala) – she read
- Neuter: читало (chitalo) – it read
- Plural: читали (chitali) – they read
- учить (uchit’) – to learn
- Masculine: учил (uchil) – he learned
- Feminine: учила (uchila) – she learned
- Neuter: учило (uchilo) – it learned
- Plural: учили (uchili) – they learned
- читать (chitat’) – to read
- Irregular Verbs:
- быть (byt’) – to be
- Masculine: был (byl) – he was
- Feminine: была (byla) – she was
- Neuter: было (bylo) – it was
- Plural: были (byli) – they were
- идти (idti) – to go
- Masculine: шёл (shyol) – he went
- Feminine: шла (shla) – she went
- Neuter: шло (shlo) – it went
- Plural: шли (shli) – they went
- быть (byt’) – to be
Using the Past Tense in Sentences
- Masculine Singular:
- Он читал книгу. (On chital knigu.) – He read the book.
- Он писал письмо. (On pisal pis’mo.) – He wrote a letter.
- Feminine Singular:
- Она говорила с учителем. (Ona govorila s uchitelem.) – She spoke with the teacher.
- Она учила русский язык. (Ona uchila russkiy yazyk.) – She learned Russian.
- Neuter Singular:
- Это было интересно. (Eto bylo interesno.) – It was interesting.
- Дерево падало на землю. (Derevo padalo na zemlyu.) – The tree was falling to the ground.
- Plural:
- Мы читали книги. (My chitali knigi.) – We read books.
- Они писали сочинения. (Oni pisali sochineniya.) – They wrote essays.
Irregular Verbs in Context
- быть (to be):
- Он был дома. (On byl doma.) – He was at home.
- Она была счастлива. (Ona byla schastliva.) – She was happy.
- Это было хорошо. (Eto bylo khorosho.) – It was good.
- Мы были в Москве. (My byli v Moskve.) – We were in Moscow.
- идти (to go):
- Он шёл домой. (On shyol domoy.) – He was going home.
- Она шла в магазин. (Ona shla v magazin.) – She was going to the store.
- Дождь шёл весь день. (Dozhd’ shlo ves’ den’.) – It rained all day.
- Они шли вместе. (Oni shli vmeste.) – They were walking together.
Summary
- Formation: Remove the infinitive ending -ть and add -л for masculine, -ла for feminine, -ло for neuter, and -ли for plural.
- Gender and Number: Ensure that the past tense verb agrees in gender and number with the subject of the sentence.
- Usage: Incorporate the past tense verbs in sentences to indicate actions that have already occurred.
By understanding these rules and practicing with various verbs, you can master the use of the past tense in Russian and form accurate and meaningful sentences.
Future tense
In Russian, the future tense can be expressed in two ways: using the simple future tense (for perfective verbs) and using the compound future tense (for imperfective verbs). Here’s a detailed explanation of how to form and use the future tense in Russian:
Simple Future Tense (Perfective Verbs)
The simple future tense is used with perfective verbs to indicate a single, completed action that will take place in the future. Perfective verbs have a specific form and do not use auxiliary verbs for the future tense.
Formation:
- Conjugate the perfective verb in the future tense endings for each person:
| Pronoun | Ending | Example with “писать” (pisat’) – to write (perfective form: “написать” – napisat’) |
|---|---|---|
| Я (I) | -у/-ю | Я напишу (Ya napishu) – I will write |
| Ты (You, sg.) | -ешь | Ты напишешь (Ty napishesh’) – You will write |
| Он/Она/Оно (He/She/It) | -ет | Он/Она/Оно напишет (On/Ona/Ono napishet) – He/She/It will write |
| Мы (We) | -ем | Мы напишем (My napishem) – We will write |
| Вы (You, pl./formal) | -ете | Вы напишете (Vy napishete) – You will write |
| Они (They) | -ут/-ют | Они напишут (Oni napishut) – They will write |
Examples:
- Я прочитаю книгу. (Ya prochitayu knigu.) – I will read the book.
- Он позвонит завтра. (On pozvonit zavtra.) – He will call tomorrow.
- Мы напишем письмо. (My napishem pis’mo.) – We will write a letter.
- Они придут вечером. (Oni pridut vecherom.) – They will come in the evening.
Compound Future Tense (Imperfective Verbs)
The compound future tense is used with imperfective verbs to indicate an ongoing or repeated action that will take place in the future. It is formed using the future tense of the auxiliary verb “быть” (to be) and the infinitive of the main verb.
Formation:
- Conjugate “быть” (byt’) in the future tense and follow it with the infinitive form of the main verb:
| Pronoun | Future form of “быть” | Example with “читать” (chitat’) – to read |
|---|---|---|
| Я (I) | буду | Я буду читать (Ya budu chitat’) – I will be reading |
| Ты (You, sg.) | будешь | Ты будешь читать (Ty budesh’ chitat’) – You will be reading |
| Он/Она/Оно (He/She/It) | будет | Он/Она/Оно будет читать (On/Ona/Ono budet chitat’) – He/She/It will be reading |
| Мы (We) | будем | Мы будем читать (My budem chitat’) – We will be reading |
| Вы (You, pl./formal) | будете | Вы будете читать (Vy budete chitat’) – You will be reading |
| Они (They) | будут | Они будут читать (Oni budut chitat’) – They will be reading |
Examples:
- Я буду работать завтра. (Ya budu rabotat’ zavtra.) – I will be working tomorrow.
- Ты будешь учить русский язык. (Ty budesh’ uchit’ russkiy yazyk.) – You will be studying Russian.
- Он будет готовить ужин. (On budet gotovit’ uzhin.) – He will be cooking dinner.
- Мы будем играть в футбол. (My budem igrat’ v futbol.) – We will be playing football.
- Они будут путешествовать по Европе. (Oni budut puteshestvovat’ po Evrope.) – They will be traveling across Europe.
Summary
- Simple Future Tense (Perfective Verbs): Used for single, completed actions in the future. Formed by conjugating the perfective verb directly.
- Compound Future Tense (Imperfective Verbs): Used for ongoing or repeated actions in the future. Formed by conjugating “быть” in the future tense and adding the infinitive of the main verb.
Practicing the Future Tense
Simple Future Tense with Perfective Verbs:
- Говорить (to speak, perfective: сказать)
- Я скажу. (Ya skazhu.) – I will say.
- Он скажет. (On skazhet.) – He will say.
- Делать (to do, perfective: сделать)
- Я сделаю. (Ya sdelayu.) – I will do.
- Мы сделаем. (My sdelayem.) – We will do.
Compound Future Tense with Imperfective Verbs:
- Говорить (to speak)
- Я буду говорить. (Ya budu govorit’.) – I will be speaking.
- Они будут говорить. (Oni budut govorit’.) – They will be speaking.
- Делать (to do)
- Я буду делать. (Ya budu delat’.) – I will be doing.
- Мы будем делать. (My budem delat’.) – We will be doing.
By understanding and practicing these future tense forms, you can accurately describe future actions and events in Russian.
Reflexive form of verb
add suffix “-ся” or “-сь”
action of verb ที่ทำโดย subject on itself
– add -ся หลัง consonants
add -сь หลัง vowel
Читать (to read) → Читаться (to be read)
Examples:
- Учить (to teach, to learn) → Учиться (to study, to learn by oneself)
- Мыть (to wash) → Мыться (to wash oneself)
- Одевать (to dress) → Одеваться (to get dressed)
Explanation:
- Учить (to teach someone) vs. Учиться (to learn or study by oneself)
- Мыть (to wash something) vs. Мыться (to wash oneself)
The reflexive suffix often changes the meaning of the verb to indicate that the subject is both the doer and the receiver of the action.