Paraffinoma – 石蜡瘤 (shí là liú – stone ,wax , tumor )
表皮囊肿 (biǎo pí náng zhǒng) – epidermoid cyst ,epidermis or outer layer of skin , tumor คำนี้ Most common use
皮样囊肿 (pí yàng náng zhǒng) – dermoid cyst , skin-like
医生检查后诊断为石蜡瘤，建议手术切除。 Yīshēng jiǎnchá hòu zhěnduàn wéi shí là liú, jiànyì shǒushù qiēchú. = After examination, the doctor diagnosed it as a sebaceous cyst and recommended surgical removal.
患者颈部出现了一个表皮囊肿，需要进行手术切除。
(Huànzhě jǐngbù chūxiànle yīgè biǎo pí náng zhǒng, xūyào jìnxíng shǒushù qiēchú.)
The patient developed an epidermal cyst on the neck, which needs to be surgically removed. , appear , carry out
医生在检查后得出诊断结果。 (Yīshēng zài jiǎnchá hòu déchū zhěnduàn jiéguǒ.) = The doctor reached a diagnostic conclusion after the examination. at(preposition) , result
Penis – 阴茎 (yīn jīng = ซ่อน*เนินด้านร่ม *cloud + stem*grass*plant stem )
阴道 (yīndào) – vagina , ตัว yin มักพบในจุดซ้อนเร้น
生殖器 (shēngzhí qì) – genitals
男性 (nánxìng) – male
阴性 (yīnxìng) – ลบ, เป็นลบ (เช่นในผลการทดสอบทางการแพทย์)
阴天 (yīntiān) – วันที่มีเมฆมาก, ท้องฟ้ามืดครึ้ม
阴影 (yīnyǐng) – เงา
阴谋 (yīnmóu) – แผนการลับ, การวางแผนร้าย
阴暗 (yīn’àn) – มืด, สลัว
阴险 (yīnxiǎn) – เจ้าเล่ห์, ชั่วร้าย
阴气 (yīnqì) – พลังหยิน (ในปรัชญาจีน)
阳光 (yángguāng) – แสงแดด (สังเกตว่าใช้ 阳 yang ซึ่งตรงข้ามกับ 阴 yin)
阴凉 (yīnliáng) – เย็นและร่มรื่น
男性生殖器官 (nánxìng shēngzhí qìguān) Male reproductive organs
女性生殖器官 (nǚxìng shēngzhí qìguān) – female reproductive organs
生殖系统 (shēngzhí xìtǒng) – reproductive system
泌尿生殖系统 (mìniào shēngzhí xìtǒng) – urogenital system
Injection – 注射 (zhù shè)
Paraffin – 石蜡 (shí là)
Granuloma – 肉芽肿 (ròu yá zhǒng – meat + bud*sprout of plant + swelling )
synonym 肉芽组织 (ròu yá zǔ zhī)
医生发现了肉芽肿。(Yīshēng fāxiàn le ròu yá zhǒng.) – The doctor discovered a granuloma.
Tumor – 肿瘤 (zhǒng liú – swollen + tumor )
新生物 (xīn shēng wù): neoplasm
瘤子 (liú zi): tumor, lump
癌 (ái): cancer
健康组织 (jiàn kāng zǔ zhī): healthy tissue
Inflammation – 炎症 (yán zhèng)
Pain – 疼痛 (téng tòng)
Swelling – 肿胀 (zhǒng zhàng)
Nodule – 结节 (jié jié)
Induration – 硬结 (yìng jié)
Infection – 感染 (gǎn rǎn)
Ulceration – 溃疡 (kuì yáng)
Biopsy – 活检 (huó jiǎn)
Histopathology – 组织病理学 (zǔ zhī bìng lǐ xué)
Fibrosis – 纤维化 (xiān wéi huà)
Surgery – 手术 (shǒu shù)
Excision – 切除 (qiē chú – cut + remove )
摘除 (zhāi chú): to extract, to remove
割除 (gē chú): to cut off, to excise
清除 (qīng chú): to clear away, to eliminate
剔除 (tī chú): to pick out, to eliminate
antonym – 保留 (bǎo liú): to keep, to retain
植入 (zhí rù): to implant
添加 (tiān jiā): to add, to append
切除肿瘤 (qiē chú zhǒng liú): to excise a tumor
切除阑尾 (qiē chú lán wěi): to remove the appendix
Drainage – 引流 (yǐn liú)
Antibiotic – 抗生素 (kàng shēng sù)
Anti-inflammatory – 抗炎药 (kàng yán yào)
Steroid – 类固醇 (lèi gù chún)
Pain management – 疼痛管理 (téng tòng guǎn lǐ)
Wound care – 伤口护理 (shāng kǒu hù lǐ)
Scar – 疤痕 (bā hén)
Healing – 愈合 (yù hé)
Recurrence – 复发 (fù fā)
Complication – 并发症 (bìng fā zhèng)
Chronic – 慢性 (màn xìng)
Acute – 急性 (jí xìng)
Foreign body reaction – 异物反应 (yì wù fǎn yìng)
Nodularity – 结节性 (jié jié xìng)
Indurated plaque – 硬化斑块 (yìng huà bān kuài)
Cosmetic deformity – 美观畸形 (měi guān jī xíng)
Erectile dysfunction – 勃起功能障碍 (bó qǐ gōng néng zhàng ài)
Urethral stricture – 尿道狭窄 (niào dào xiá zhǎi)
Sexual function – 性功能 (xìng gōng néng)
Psychological impact – 心理影响 (xīn lǐ yǐng xiǎng)
Patient history – 病史 (bìng shǐ)
Physical examination – 体格检查 (tǐ gé jiǎn chá)
Ultrasound – 超声波 (chāo shēng bō)
MRI – 磁共振成像 (cí gòng zhèn chéng xiàng)
CT scan – 计算机断层扫描 (jì suàn jī duàn céng sǎo miáo)
Differential diagnosis – 鉴别诊断 (jiàn bié zhěn duàn)
Conservative treatment – 保守治疗 (bǎo shǒu zhì liáo)
Surgical removal – 手术切除 (shǒu shù qiē chú)
Local anesthesia – 局部麻醉 (jú bù má zuì)
General anesthesia – 全身麻醉 (quán shēn má zuì)
Postoperative care – 术后护理 (shù hòu hù lǐ)
Follow-up – 随访 (suí fǎng)
Pathological examination – 病理检查 (bìng lǐ jiǎn chá)
Immune response – 免疫反应 (miǎn yì fǎn yìng)
Granulomatous inflammation – 肉芽肿性炎症 (ròu yá zhǒng xìng yán zhèng)
Skin necrosis – 皮肤坏死 (pí fū huài sǐ)
Medical history – 病史 (bìng shǐ)
Diagnostic imaging – 影像诊断 (yǐng xiàng zhěn duàn)
Therapeutic approach – 治疗方法 (zhì liáo fāng fǎ)
Prognosis – 预后 (yù hòu)
Medical consultation – 医学咨询 (yī xué zī xún)
Risk factors – 风险因素 (fēng xiǎn yīn sù)
Circumcision
Circumcision – 包皮环切术 (bāo pí huán qiē shù)
Foreskin/Prepuce – 包皮 (bāo pí)
Glans – 龟头 (guī tóu)
Phimosis – 包茎 (bāo jīng)
Paraphimosis – 嵌顿包茎 (qiàn dùn bāo jīng)
Frenulum – 系带 (xì dài)
Hygiene – 卫生 (wèi shēng)
Infection – 感染 (gǎn rǎn)
Inflammation – 炎症 (yán zhèng)
Balanitis – 龟头炎 (guī tóu yán)
Urinary tract infection – 尿路感染 (niào lù gǎn rǎn)
Surgery – 手术 (shǒu shù)
Local anesthesia – 局部麻醉 (jú bù má zuì)
General anesthesia – 全身麻醉 (quán shēn má zuì)
Surgical instrument – 手术器械 (shǒu shù qì xiè)
Scalpel – 手术刀 (shǒu shù dāo)
Sutures – 缝线 (féng xiàn)
Hemostasis – 止血 (zhǐ xuè)
Dressing – 敷料 (fū liào)
Bandage – 绷带 (bēng dài)
Postoperative care – 术后护理 (shù hòu hù lǐ)
Healing – 愈合 (yù hé)
Pain management – 疼痛管理 (téng tòng guǎn lǐ)
Complications – 并发症 (bìng fā zhèng)
Bleeding – 出血 (chū xuè)
Swelling – 肿胀 (zhǒng zhàng)
Infection prevention – 感染预防 (gǎn rǎn yù fáng)
Antibiotic – 抗生素 (kàng shēng sù)
Recovery – 恢复 (huī fù)
Sexual function – 性功能 (xìng gōng néng)
Sensitivity – 敏感度 (mǐn gǎn dù)
Hygiene – 卫生 (wèi shēng)
Sterility – 无菌 (wú jūn)
Aseptic technique – 无菌技术 (wú jūn jì shù)
Preoperative preparation – 术前准备 (shù qián zhǔn bèi)
Informed consent – 知情同意 (zhī qíng tóng yì)
Risks – 风险 (fēng xiǎn)
Benefits – 益处 (yì chù)
Procedure – 手术过程 (shǒu shù guò chéng)
Recovery period – 恢复期 (huī fù qī)
Follow-up visit – 复诊 (fù zhěn)
Scar formation – 疤痕形成 (bā hén xíng chéng)
Adhesions – 粘连 (zhān lián)
Cosmesis – 美观 (měi guān)
Cultural practices – 文化习俗 (wén huà xí sú)
Religious practices – 宗教习俗 (zōng jiào xí sú)
Pediatric circumcision – 儿童包皮环切术 (ér tóng bāo pí huán qiē shù)
Adult circumcision – 成人包皮环切术 (chéng rén bāo pí huán qiē shù)
Medical necessity – 医疗必要性 (yī liáo bì yào xìng)
Elective procedure – 选择性手术 (xuǎn zé xìng shǒu shù)
Preoperative counseling – 术前咨询 (shù qián zī xún)
Postoperative instructions – 术后指导 (shù hòu zhǐ dǎo)
Pain relief – 止痛 (zhǐ tòng)
Urination – 排尿 (pái niào)
Activity restrictions – 活动限制 (huó dòng xiàn zhì)
Hygiene practices – 卫生习惯 (wèi shēng xí guàn)
Outcome – 结果 (jié guǒ)
Satisfaction – 满意度 (mǎn yì dù)
Penis
Penis – 阴茎 (yīn jīng)
Glans penis – 龟头 (guī tóu)
Foreskin – 包皮 (bāo pí)
Erection – 勃起 (bó qǐ)
Erectile dysfunction – 勃起功能障碍 (bó qǐ gōng néng zhàng ài)
Circumcision – 包皮环切术 (bāo pí huán qiē shù)
Urethra – 尿道 (niào dào)
Shaft – 阴茎干 (yīn jīng gàn)
Frenulum – 系带 (xì dài)
Scrotum – 阴囊 (yīn náng)
Testicle – 睾丸 (gāo wán)
Semen – 精液 (jīng yè)
Sperm – 精子 (jīng zǐ)
Ejaculation – 射精 (shè jīng)
Puberty – 青春期 (qīng chūn qī)
Libido – 性欲 (xìng yù)
Sexual health – 性健康 (xìng jiàn kāng)
Prostate gland – 前列腺 (qián liè xiàn)
Vas deferens – 输精管 (shū jīng guǎn)
Epididymis – 附睾 (fù gāo)
Seminal vesicle – 精囊 (jīng náng)
Penis enlargement – 阴茎增大 (yīn jīng zēng dà)
Penile implant – 阴茎植入物 (yīn jīng zhí rù wù)
Penile fracture – 阴茎骨折 (yīn jīng gǔ zhé)
Phimosis – 包茎 (bāo jīng)
Paraphimosis – 包皮嵌顿 (bāo pí qiàn dùn)
Balanitis – 龟头炎 (guī tóu yán)
Peyronie’s disease – 佩罗尼氏病 (pèi luó ní shì bìng)
Penile cancer – 阴茎癌 (yīn jīng ái)
Genital herpes – 生殖器疱疹 (shēng zhí qì pào zhěn)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) – 人乳头瘤病毒 (rén rǔ tóu liú bìng dú)
Urinary tract infection – 尿路感染 (niào lù gǎn rǎn)
Sexually transmitted infection (STI) – 性传播感染 (xìng chuán bò gǎn rǎn)
Condyloma – 尖锐湿疣 (jiān ruì shī yóu)
Genital warts – 生殖器疣 (shēng zhí qì yóu)
Penile discharge – 阴茎分泌物 (yīn jīng fēn mì wù)
Penile pain – 阴茎疼痛 (yīn jīng téng tòng)
Itching – 瘙痒 (sāo yǎng)
Swelling – 肿胀 (zhǒng zhàng)
Redness – 发红 (fā hóng)
Ulcer – 溃疡 (kuì yáng)
Lump – 肿块 (zhǒng kuài)
Scar tissue – 疤痕组织 (bā hén zǔ zhī)
Penile curvature – 阴茎弯曲 (yīn jīng wān qū)
Hygiene – 卫生 (wèi shēng)
Condom – 安全套 (ān quán tào)
Masturbation – 手淫 (shǒu yín)
Sexual intercourse – 性交 (xìng jiāo)
Fertility – 生育 (shēng yù)
Infertility – 不育 (bù yù)
Hormone – 激素 (jī sù)
Testosterone – 睾酮 (gāo tóng)
Genital examination – 生殖器检查 (shēng zhí qì jiǎn chá)
Urologist – 泌尿科医生 (mì niào kē yī shēng)
Vasectomy – 输精管结扎术 (shū jīng guǎn jié zā shù)
Penile sensation – 阴茎感觉 (yīn jīng gǎn jué)
Sexual dysfunction – 性功能障碍 (xìng gōng néng zhàng ài)
Penile health – 阴茎健康 (yīn jīng jiàn kāng)
Sexual arousal – 性唤起 (xìng huàn qǐ)
Sexual pleasure – 性快感 (xìng kuài gǎn)
Scrotum
Scrotum – 阴囊 (yīn náng)
Testicle – 睾丸 (gāo wán)
Epididymis – 附睾 (fù gāo)
Spermatic cord – 精索 (jīng suǒ)
Scrotal sac – 阴囊囊 (yīn náng náng)
Scrotal skin – 阴囊皮肤 (yīn náng pí fū)
Testicular torsion – 睾丸扭转 (gāo wán niǔ zhuǎn)
Hydrocele – 鞘膜积液 (qiào mó jī yè)
Varicocele – 精索静脉曲张 (jīng suǒ jìng mài qū zhāng)
Epididymitis – 附睾炎 (fù gāo yán)
Orchitis – 睾丸炎 (gāo wán yán)
Scrotal pain – 阴囊疼痛 (yīn náng téng tòng)
Scrotal swelling – 阴囊肿胀 (yīn náng zhǒng zhàng)
Scrotal lump – 阴囊肿块 (yīn náng zhǒng kuài)
Scrotal ultrasound – 阴囊超声 (yīn náng chāo shēng)
Inguinal hernia – 腹股沟疝 (fù gǔ gōu shàn)
Testicular cancer – 睾丸癌 (gāo wán ái)
Scrotal biopsy – 阴囊活检 (yīn náng huó jiǎn)
Scrotal infection – 阴囊感染 (yīn náng gǎn rǎn)
Scrotal abscess – 阴囊脓肿 (yīn náng nóng zhǒng)
Testicular trauma – 睾丸损伤 (gāo wán sǔn shāng)
Scrotal rash – 阴囊皮疹 (yīn náng pí zhěn)
Itching – 瘙痒 (sāo yǎng)
Redness – 发红 (fā hóng)
Tenderness – 压痛 (yā tòng)
Fluid accumulation – 液体积聚 (yè tǐ jī jù)
Hematocele – 血囊肿 (xuè náng zhǒng)
Spermatocele – 精囊肿 (jīng náng zhǒng)
Scrotal support – 阴囊支托 (yīn náng zhī tuō)
Scrotal surgery – 阴囊手术 (yīn náng shǒu shù)
Scrotal hygiene – 阴囊卫生 (yīn náng wèi shēng)
Antifungal cream – 抗真菌乳膏 (kàng zhēn jūn rǔ gāo)
Antibiotics – 抗生素 (kàng shēng sù)
Anti-inflammatory medication – 抗炎药物 (kàng yán yào wù)
Pain relief – 止痛 (zhǐ tòng)
Cooling packs – 冷敷 (lěng fū)
Warm baths – 热水浴 (rè shuǐ yù)
Scrotal examination – 阴囊检查 (yīn náng jiǎn chá)
Urologist – 泌尿科医生 (mì niào kē yī shēng)
Self-examination – 自我检查 (zì wǒ jiǎn chá)
Fertility – 生育能力 (shēng yù néng lì)
Infertility – 不育 (bù yù)
Sperm count – 精子数量 (jīng zǐ shù liàng)
Testosterone – 睾酮 (gāo tóng)
Hormone therapy – 激素治疗 (jī sù zhì liáo)
Vasectomy – 输精管结扎术 (shū jīng guǎn jié zā shù)
Reversal surgery – 复通手术 (fù tōng shǒu shù)
Scrotal eczema – 阴囊湿疹 (yīn náng shī zhěn)
Jock itch – 股癣 (gǔ xuǎn)
Scrotal dermatitis – 阴囊皮炎 (yīn náng pí yán)
Scrotal hyperpigmentation – 阴囊色素沉着 (yīn náng sè sù chén zhuó)
Dermatologist – 皮肤科医生 (pí fū kē yī shēng)
Skin biopsy – 皮肤活检 (pí fū huó jiǎn)
Moisturizer – 保湿霜 (bǎo shī shuāng)
Scrotal itching – 阴囊瘙痒 (yīn náng sāo yǎng)
Fungal infection – 真菌感染 (zhēn jūn gǎn rǎn)
Allergy – 过敏 (guò mǐn)
Heat rash – 痱子 (fèi zi)
Preventive care – 预防护理 (yù fáng hù lǐ)
Regular check-ups – 定期检查 (dìng qī jiǎn chá)
Flap
Flap – 皮瓣 (pí bàn)
Skin flap – 皮肤瓣 (pí fū bàn)
Free flap – 游离皮瓣 (yóu lí pí bàn)
Pedicle flap – 带蒂皮瓣 (dài dì pí bàn)
Muscle flap – 肌瓣 (jī bàn)
Fasciocutaneous flap – 筋膜皮瓣 (jīn mó pí bàn)
Myocutaneous flap – 肌皮瓣 (jī pí bàn)
Perforator flap – 穿支皮瓣 (chuān zhī pí bàn)
Composite flap – 复合皮瓣 (fù hé pí bàn)
Island flap – 岛状皮瓣 (dǎo zhuàng pí bàn)
Axial flap – 轴型皮瓣 (zhóu xíng pí bàn)
Random flap – 随机皮瓣 (suí jī pí bàn)
Rotation flap – 旋转皮瓣 (xuán zhuǎn pí bàn)
Transposition flap – 换位皮瓣 (huàn wèi pí bàn)
Advancement flap – 前进皮瓣 (qián jìn pí bàn)
Local flap – 局部皮瓣 (jú bù pí bàn)
Regional flap – 区域皮瓣 (qū yù pí bàn)
Distant flap – 远距皮瓣 (yuǎn jù pí bàn)
Bilobed flap – 双叶皮瓣 (shuāng yè pí bàn)
Trapezoidal flap – 梯形皮瓣 (tī xíng pí bàn)
Z-plasty flap – Z成形皮瓣 (Z chéng xíng pí bàn)
Y-V advancement flap – Y-V推进皮瓣 (Y-V tuī jìn pí bàn)
Flap elevation – 皮瓣抬高 (pí bàn tái gāo)
Flap dissection – 皮瓣解剖 (pí bàn jiě pāo)
Flap transfer – 皮瓣转移 (pí bàn zhuǎn yí)
Flap viability – 皮瓣存活 (pí bàn cún huó)
Flap necrosis – 皮瓣坏死 (pí bàn huài sǐ)
Flap monitoring – 皮瓣监测 (pí bàn jiān cè)
Flap failure – 皮瓣失败 (pí bàn shī bài)
Flap inset – 皮瓣固定 (pí bàn gù dìng)
Donor site – 供区 (gōng qū)
Recipient site – 受区 (shòu qū)
Blood supply – 血液供应 (xuè yè gōng yìng)
Vascular anastomosis – 血管吻合 (xuè guǎn wěn hé)
Microvascular surgery – 显微血管手术 (xiǎn wēi xuè guǎn shǒu shù)
Vein graft – 静脉移植 (jìng mài yí zhí)
Arterial supply – 动脉供应 (dòng mài gōng yìng)
Venous drainage – 静脉引流 (jìng mài yǐn liú)
Sensory nerve – 感觉神经 (gǎn jué shén jīng)
Motor nerve – 运动神经 (yùn dòng shén jīng)
Flap design – 皮瓣设计 (pí bàn shè jì)
Tissue expansion – 组织扩张 (zǔ zhī kuò zhāng)
Reconstructive surgery – 重建手术 (chóng jiàn shǒu shù)
Coverage – 覆盖 (fù gài)
Defect repair – 缺损修复 (quē sǔn xiū fù)
Soft tissue – 软组织 (ruǎn zǔ zhī)
Wound healing – 伤口愈合 (shāng kǒu yù hé)
Infection prevention – 感染预防 (gǎn rǎn yù fáng)
Surgical technique – 手术技术 (shǒu shù jì shù)
Postoperative care – 术后护理 (shù hòu hù lǐ)
Suturing – 缝合 (féng hé)
Dressing – 敷料 (fū liào)
Graft survival – 移植物存活 (yí zhí wù cún huó)
Flap revision – 皮瓣修整 (pí bàn xiū zhěng)
Complication – 并发症 (bìng fā zhèng)
Hematoma – 血肿 (xuè zhǒng)
Seroma – 浆液肿 (jiāng yè zhǒng)
Dehiscence – 裂开 (liè kāi)
Flap coverage – 皮瓣覆盖 (pí bàn fù gài)
Aesthetic outcome – 美学效果 (měi xué xiào guǒ)
Penile elongation
Premature ejeculation
Hernia
Hernia – 疝气 (shàn qì)
Inguinal hernia – 腹股沟疝 (fù gǔ gōu shàn)
Umbilical hernia – 脐疝 (qí shàn)
Hiatal hernia – 食管裂孔疝 (shí guǎn liè kǒng shàn)
Incisional hernia – 切口疝 (qiē kǒu shàn)
Femoral hernia – 股疝 (gǔ shàn)
Ventral hernia – 腹壁疝 (fù bì shàn)
Epigastric hernia – 上腹疝 (shàng fù shàn)
Spigelian hernia – 腹直肌旁疝 (fù zhí jī páng shàn)
Diaphragmatic hernia – 膈疝 (gé shàn)
Recurrent hernia – 复发疝 (fù fā shàn)
Reducible hernia – 可复性疝 (kě fù xìng shàn)
Irreducible hernia – 不可复性疝 (bù kě fù xìng shàn)
Strangulated hernia – 绞窄性疝 (jiǎo zhǎi xìng shàn)
Incarcerated hernia – 嵌顿疝 (qiàn dùn shàn)
Hernia sac – 疝囊 (shàn náng)
Hernia repair – 疝修补术 (shàn xiū bǔ shù)
Laparoscopic surgery – 腹腔镜手术 (fù qiāng jìng shǒu shù)
Open surgery – 开放手术 (kāi fàng shǒu shù)
Mesh – 网片 (wǎng piàn)
Tension-free repair – 无张力修补 (wú zhāng lì xiū bǔ)
Suture – 缝合 (féng hé)
General anesthesia – 全身麻醉 (quán shēn má zuì)
Local anesthesia – 局部麻醉 (jú bù má zuì)
Hernia belt – 疝气带 (shàn qì dài)
Abdominal wall – 腹壁 (fù bì)
Muscle weakness – 肌肉无力 (jī ròu wú lì)
Swelling – 肿胀 (zhǒng zhàng)
Pain – 疼痛 (téng tòng)
Discomfort – 不适 (bù shì)
Bulge – 突出 (tū chū)
Physical examination – 体检 (tǐ jiǎn)
Ultrasound – 超声 (chāo shēng)
CT scan – CT扫描 (CT sǎo miáo)
MRI – 核磁共振 (hé cí gòng zhèn)
Diagnosis – 诊断 (zhěn duàn)
Symptoms – 症状 (zhèng zhuàng)
Risk factors – 风险因素 (fēng xiǎn yīn sù)
Heavy lifting – 举重 (jǔ zhòng)
Chronic cough – 慢性咳嗽 (màn xìng ké sòu)
Obesity – 肥胖 (féi pàng)
Pregnancy – 怀孕 (huái yùn)
Constipation – 便秘 (biàn mì)
Straining – 用力 (yòng lì)
Hernia recurrence – 疝复发 (shàn fù fā)
Recovery – 恢复 (huī fù)
Postoperative care – 术后护理 (shù hòu hù lǐ)
Complications – 并发症 (bìng fā zhèng)
Infection – 感染 (gǎn rǎn)
Bleeding – 出血 (chū xuè)
Chronic pain – 慢性疼痛 (màn xìng téng tòng)
Bowel obstruction – 肠梗阻 (cháng gěng zǔ)
Nausea – 恶心 (ě xīn)
Vomiting – 呕吐 (ǒu tù)
Hospitalization – 住院 (zhù yuàn)
Surgical consultation – 外科咨询 (wài kē zī xún)
Hernia specialist – 疝气专科医生 (shàn qì zhuān kē yī shēng)
Elective surgery – 选择性手术 (xuǎn zé xìng shǒu shù)
Emergency surgery – 紧急手术 (jǐn jí shǒu shù)
Long-term outcomes – 长期结果 (cháng qī jié guǒ)