ไม่ซับซ้อนเหมือนภาษาอื่นๆในด้าน agreement
แต่มีความซับซ้อนในแง่ verb forms, politeness level , nouns classifier
1. Nouns and Classifier
nouns ไม่เปลี่ยนตาม gender or number
ส่วน nouns classifier จะให้ information มากกขึ้น เช่นquantity
ပုလဲတစ်လုံး barlaetiloa = a pearl
ပုလဲတစ်စုံ barlaetisour – a pair of pearl
ပုလဲများ barlaemya = pearls
ပုလဲများစုံ barlaemaysour – several pearl
2. Pronoun Agreement
Pronouns in Burmese can change based on politeness levels, formality, and social hierarchy. Unlike some languages, Burmese does not have gendered pronouns.
Common Pronouns:
- First Person:
- Informal: ငါ (nga) – I/me
- Formal: ကျွန်တော် (kyà-nà-dau) for males, ကျွန်မ (kyà-nà-ma) for females
- Second Person:
- Informal: နင် (nin) – you
- Formal: သင် (thang) – you (formal), ခင်ဗျား (kà-mya) – you (very formal, for males), ရှင် (shin) – you (very formal, for females)
- Third Person:
- Informal: သူ (thu) – he/she/they
- Formal: သူသည် (thu-thi) – he/she/they (more formal)
3. Adjective Agreement
Adjectives in Burmese do not change form based on the nouns they modify. They are usually placed after the noun they describe.
Examples:
- Single Noun:
- ကောင်းသော ကလေး (kaung thaw ka-lei) – good child
- ချစ်သော မိဘ (chit thaw mi-ba) – loving parents
- Plural Noun:
- ကောင်းသော ကလေးများ (kaung thaw ka-lei mya) – good children
- ချစ်သော မိဘများ (chit thaw mi-ba mya) – loving parents
4. Verb Agreement
Verbs in Burmese do not change form based on the subject. Instead, verbs can be modified with particles to indicate tense, aspect, and politeness levels.
Tense and Aspect Particles:
- Present/Future Tense:
- Particle: တယ် (te)
- Example: ကျွန်တော် စာဖတ်တယ်။ (kyà-nà-dau sa phat te.) – I read (present) or I will read (future).
- Past Tense:
- Particle: ပြီ (pyi)
- Example: ကျွန်တော် စာဖတ်ပြီးပြီ။ (kyà-nà-dau sa phat pyi.) – I read (past).
- Progressive Aspect:
- Particle: နေ (nei)
- Example: ကျွန်တော် စာဖတ်နေတယ်။ (kyà-nà-dau sa phat nei te.) – I am reading.
5. Politeness Levels
Politeness levels in Burmese are crucial and affect pronoun choice, verb forms, and sentence endings. Various particles and honorifics are used to convey respect and formality.
Examples:
- Informal:
- မင်း နေကောင်းလား? (nin nei kaung la?) – How are you? (informal)
- ငါ အိမ်ပြန်မယ်။ (nga ein pyan me.) – I am going home. (informal)
- Formal:
- သင် နေကောင်းလား? (thang nei kaung la?) – How are you? (formal)
- ကျွန်တော် အိမ်ပြန်မယ်။ (kyà-nà-dau ein pyan me.) – I am going home. (formal)
- Very Formal:
- ခင်ဗျား နေကောင်းလား? (kà-mya nei kaung la?) – How are you? (very formal, to males)
- ကျွန်မ အိမ်ပြန်မယ်။ (kyà-nà-ma ein pyan me.) – I am going home. (very formal, for females)
Examples of Complex Agreement in Sentences
- Noun-Classifiers Agreement:
- ကလေးတစ်ယောက် (ka-lei ta yauk) – one child
- ကလေးများ (ka-lei mya) – children
- Pronoun-Verb Agreement:
- ကျွန်တော် စာရေးတယ်။ (kyà-nà-dau sa ye te.) – I write (formal)
- ငါ စာရေးတယ်။ (nga sa ye te.) – I write (informal)
- Politeness Levels:
- သင် ဘယ်လိုရှိလဲ? (thang beh-lo shi le?) – How are you? (formal)
- မင်း ဘယ်လိုရှိလဲ? (nin beh-lo shi le?) – How are you? (informal)
Summary
- Gender Agreement: Burmese does not have gendered nouns or pronouns.
- Number Agreement: Nouns do not change form for plural, but classifiers and context indicate number.
- Case Agreement: Burmese uses postpositions to indicate grammatical roles.
- Pronoun Agreement: Pronouns change based on politeness and formality levels.
- Verb Agreement: Verbs do not change form based on the subject but use particles to indicate tense and aspect.
- Politeness Levels: Politeness and formality are crucial, affecting pronoun choice, verb forms, and sentence endings.
Understanding these agreements and the nuances of politeness levels is essential for mastering Burmese and constructing grammatically correct and contextually appropriate sentences.