I Allgemeine Zellbiologie, Zellteilung und Zelltod
1 Zellbegriff und Zelltypen
2 Zelluläre Strukturelemente
II Grundlagen der Humangenetik
p 16
Zellbegriff – Cell concept
Zelltypen – Cell types
Einleitung – Introduction
Leben – Life
Frage – Question
Erklärung – Explanation
Phänomen – Phenomenon
Ursache – Cause
eigentlich – Actually
Wesen – Essence
Erkenntnisse – Knowledge
Trotz – Despite
biologisch – Biological
Gegenwart – Present
Lebewesen – Living beings
definieren – Define
vermehren – Reproduce
Bewegung – Movement
Wachstum – Growth
Stoffwechsel – Metabolism
Vererbung – Inheritance
Funktionen – Functions
Existenz – Existence
Raum – Space
Materie – Matter
organisieren – Organize
Ordnung – Order
Elementar – Elementary
Einheit – Unit
Grundform – Basic form
Struktur – Structure
Prokaryoten – Prokaryotes
Eukaryoten – Eukaryotes
Zelle – Cell
kleinste – Smallest
Organismus – Organism
Jahren – Years
Arbeiten – Works
bekannt – Known
Zelltheorie – Cell theory
Erkenntnis – Insight
Ergebnis – Result
durchbrechen – Breakthrough
Vermehrung – Reproduction
Durchbruch – Breakthrough
Entwicklung – Development
biologische – Biological
Zellstruktur – Cell structure
Lebensfunktionen – Life functions
einzeln – Individual
sichtbar – Visible
besonders – Especially
Unterschiede – Differences
Prokaryoten – Prokaryotes
Eukaryoten – Eukaryotes
Mikrobiologie – Microbiology
Ökologie – Ecology
Hauptunterschiede – Main differences
Tieren – Animals
pflanzen – Plants
Morphologie – Morphology
Größe – Size
Form – Form
Struktur – Structure
Funktion – Function
vergleichen – Compare
Prokaryot – Prokaryote
Euzyten – Eukaryotes
Bakterien – Bacteria
Archaeen – Archaea
Blaualgen – Cyanobacteria
Zellorganismen – Cellular organisms
universal – Universal
Mikroskop – Microscope
Mikroskopisch – Microscopic
Zellwand – Cell wall
Kern – Nucleus
Funktionseinheiten – Functional units
Anwesenheit – Presence
Einheiten – Units
Gesamtheit – Totality
Organisatorisch – Organizational
Selbstständig – Independent
Entwicklung – Development
Phänomen – Phenomenon
Vermehrung – Multiplication/Reproduction
Grundstruktur – Basic structure
Erkenntnisse – Insights/Findings
grundsätzlich – Fundamental
kleinere – Smaller
eigenständiger – Independent
Übergang – Transition
auftreten – Occur/Appear
bestehen – Exist
Bewegung – Movement
Eukaryot – Eukaryote
Prokaryot – Prokaryote
Struktur – Structure
Funktionseinheit – Functional unit
beschrieben – Described
entwickeln – Develop
Arten – Types
Vererbung – Inheritance
erkennen – Recognize
verantwortlich – Responsible
Archaeen – Archaea
Übersicht – Overview
Zellbiologie – Cell biology
Dasein – Existence
Vervielfältigung – Replication
Veränderung – Change
Einteilung – Classification
beschreiben – Describe
Protisten – Protists
Cyanobakterien – Cyanobacteria
Verteilung – Distribution
Steuerung – Control
Kohlenhydrate – Carbohydrates
Molekularbiologie – Molecular biology
Oberflächenstruktur – Surface structure
Grammar
- Nouns and Articles:
- Die Zelle (The cell) – Use of definite article “die” with feminine noun “Zelle.”
- Das Leben (Life) – Use of neuter article “das” with the noun “Leben.”
- Compound Nouns:
- Zellbegriff (Cell concept) – Combination of “Zelle” (cell) and “Begriff” (concept).
- Lebensfunktionen (Life functions) – Compound of “Leben” (life) and “Funktionen” (functions).
- Verb Placement in Subordinate Clauses:
- …dass Leben an seinen Funktionen erkennen kann (that life can be recognized by its functions) – Verb “erkennen” placed at the end.
- Use of Infinitives:
- …können die Übergänge fließend sein (can be gradual) – Infinitive “sein” used at the end of the sentence.
- Modal Verbs:
- kann (can) – Modal verb expressing ability.
- möchte (would like) – Expresses a desire.
- Passive Voice:
- Die Zelle ist die universelle Grundeinheit… (The cell is the universal basic unit) – Example of passive construction.
- Relative Clauses:
- …die man jedoch eher… (which, however,…) – Use of relative pronoun “die” to introduce a relative clause.
- Conjunctions:
- trotz (despite) – A preposition used to contrast.
- sowie (as well as) – Conjunction adding information.
- Prepositions:
- in den Jahren (in the years) – Preposition “in” indicating time.
- mit bloßem Auge (with the naked eye) – Preposition “mit” indicating means.
- Adjective Endings:
- kleinste (smallest) – Superlative adjective with the correct ending.
- wissenschaftlich (scientific) – Adjective describing a noun.
- Superlative Form:
- kleinste (smallest) – Superlative form of “klein” (small).
- Participle Forms:
- Erkennen (recognizing) – Present participle used as a noun.
- Dative Case:
- in der lebenden Natur (in living nature) – Dative case for the noun “Natur” following the preposition “in.”
- Genitive Case:
- des Lebens (of life) – Genitive case showing possession.
- Comparative Form:
- kleiner (smaller) – Comparative form of “klein” (small).
- Conjunction Usage:
- aber (but) – Coordinating conjunction indicating contrast.
- denn (because) – Coordinating conjunction providing reason.
- Noun Plurals:
- Organismen (organisms) – Plural form of “Organismus.”
- Funktionen (functions) – Plural form of “Funktion.”
- Imperative Mood:
- Beschreiben Sie (Describe) – Formal imperative form used for instructions.
- Indefinite Articles:
- ein (a) – Indefinite article for masculine or neuter nouns.
- eine (a) – Indefinite article for feminine nouns.
- Present Tense:
- sind (are) – Present tense of “sein” (to be).
- Use of “es gibt”:
- Es gibt (There is/are) – Phrase indicating existence.
- Negation:
- nicht (not) – Used to negate verbs or sentences.
- Formal Language Use:
- Die Zelle wird als (The cell is considered) – Use of formal language in scientific context.
- Interrogative Pronouns:
- Was (What) – Interrogative pronoun for asking questions.
- Demonstrative Pronouns:
- diese (this/these) – Demonstrative pronoun indicating something specific.
- Possessive Pronouns:
- seinen (his/its) – Possessive pronoun indicating ownership.
- Reflexive Verbs:
- sich entwickeln (to develop) – Reflexive verb form.
- Use of Contractions:
- zum (to the) – Contraction of “zu dem.”
- Subordinate Clauses:
- …dass Leben… (that life…) – Example of a subordinate clause introduced by “dass.”
- Relative Pronouns:
- die (which/who/that) – Relative pronoun linking clauses.
- Future Tense:
- wird sein (will be) – Future tense construction.
- Noun Gender:
- der Stoffwechsel (the metabolism) – Masculine noun with definite article “der.”
- Sentence Structure:
- Man kann sagen, dass… (One can say that…) – Example of a standard sentence structure.
- Subjunctive Mood:
- könnte (could) – Use of the subjunctive mood for possibility.
- Word Order:
- Wenn auch nicht möglich… (If not possible…) – Dependent clause starting with “Wenn.”
- Verb Inversion:
- So können wir sagen… (So, we can say…) – Inversion of subject and verb after “so.”
- Use of Adverbs:
- jedoch (however) – Adverb used to modify or contrast.
- Separable Verbs:
- aufzutreten (to appear) – Separable verb “auftreten” in its infinitive form.
- Reflexive Pronouns:
- sich (oneself) – Reflexive pronoun used with reflexive verbs.
- Gerunds:
- Erkennen (recognizing) – Gerund form used as a noun.
p 17
Zelltyp – Cell type
Prokaryoten – Prokaryotes
Eukaryoten – Eukaryotes
Kern – Nucleus
Membran – Membrane
Chromosom – Chromosome
Zytoplasma – Cytoplasm
Kompartimentierung – Compartmentalization
Reaktionsräume – Reaction spaces
Retikulum – Reticulum
Zellorganellen – Cell organelles
Mitochondrien – Mitochondria
Volumen – Volume
Unterschiede – Differences
Oberfläche – Surface
Zellform – Cell shape
Variabilität – Variability
Funktionen – Functions
Zellkern – Cell nucleus
Art – Type/Species
Zellgröße – Cell size
Gesamtzell – Total cell
Relation – Ratio
Beispiele – Examples
Embryonalentwicklung – Embryonic development
Plasmamembran – Plasma membrane
Kern-Plasma-Relation – Nucleus-cytoplasm ratio
Karyoplasma – Nucleoplasm
Muskelzellen – Muscle cells
Zellvolumen – Cell volume
Oberfläche-Volumen-Relation – Surface area to volume ratio
Faltung – Folding
Einstülpungen – Invaginations
Haut – Skin
Embryonalzellen – Embryonic cells
Steuerung – Control
Zellen – Cells
Typ – Type
Verständnis – Understanding
Vervielfältigung – Replication
Vergrößerung – Enlargement
Steuerungsaufgaben – Control tasks
Funktioniert – Functions
Aufgabe – Task
Artunterschiede – Species differences
Chromosomen – Chromosomes
Faktoren – Factors
Struktur – Structure
Aufnahme – Absorption
Betrachten – Consider
Bedeutung – Significance
erklären – Explain
Bewegung – Movement
Säugetiere – Mammals
Nährstoffe – Nutrients
Vergleich – Comparison
Knochenzellen – Bone cells
Zellmembran – Cell membrane
Bedeutungsvoll – Meaningful
Spezialisierung – Specialization
Strukturveränderungen – Structural changes
Physiologie – Physiology
Zelltypen – Cell types
Prozesse – Processes
Abschnitte – Sections
Vogelzellen – Bird cells
Nervenzellen – Nerve cells
Funktionen – Functions
Reaktionsräume – Reaction spaces
Bildung – Formation
Reaktion – Reaction
Nährstoffaufnahme – Nutrient uptake
Zellfunktionen – Cell functions
Glattmuskelzellen – Smooth muscle cells
Schnitt – Section
Zusammenhang – Connection
Differenzierung – Differentiation
Menge – Quantity
Vergrößern – Magnify
Gewebe – Tissue
wichtige – Important
Unterschiede – Differences
zwischen – Between
Bestimmen – Determine
Straußeneier – Ostrich eggs
besitzen – Possess
Allgemeine – General
Artunterschiede – Species differences
spezialisierte – Specialized
Entwicklung – Development
Karyoplasma – Nucleoplasm
Verhältnis – Ratio
Kernvolumen – Nuclear volume
Steuerung – Control
Kontrollieren – Control
gebildet – Formed
Funktioniert – Functions
größer – Larger
besonders – Especially
Stoffwechselaktiv – Metabolically active
Vergrößerung – Enlargement
Strukturveränderungen – Structural changes
Zellen – Cells
Zellkernvolumen – Nuclear volume
wichtig – Important
Beziehung – Relationship
Nerven – Nerves
begrenzt – Limited
Artunterschied – Species difference
Bildung – Formation
Relationen – Relations
Gewebezellen – Tissue cells
Nervenzellen – Nerve cells
Zellorganellen – Cell organelles
Funktionseinheiten – Functional units
Oberfläche – Surface
Prokaryotische – Prokaryotic
Eukaryotische – Eukaryotic
Mitochondrien – Mitochondria
Zellorganellen – Cell organelles
Betrachten – Consider
Spezialisierung – Specialization
Kern-Plasma-Relation – Nucleus-cytoplasm ratio
Oberflächen-Volumen-Relation – Surface area to volume ratio
Eukaryotische – Eukaryotic
Prozesse – Processes
Reaktionsräume – Reaction spaces
Aufgaben – Tasks
Aufgaben – Responsibilities
Ausbildung – Training
Differenzierung – Differentiation
Verständnis – Understanding
Größenunterschiede – Size differences
Funktionen – Functions
Zusammenhang – Connection
Steuerungsaufgaben – Control tasks
Steuerung – Control
Charakteristisches – Characteristic
Prokaryoten – Prokaryotes
Eukaryoten – Eukaryotes
Molekularbiologische – Molecular biological
Struktur – Structure
eigenständiger – Independent
spezialisierte – Specialized
Zelltypen – Cell types
Stoffwechselaktivität – Metabolic activity
Verhältnisse – Conditions
große – Large
Kleine – Small
Bildung – Formation
Faltung – Folding
Glattmuskelzellen – Smooth muscle cells
Nervenzellen – Nerve cells
Verteilung – Distribution
Bedeutung – Importance
erklären – Explain
Schicht – Layer
Funktioniert – Functions
spezialisierte – Specialized
Zellgröße – Cell size
Grammar
- Nouns and Articles:
- Der Zelltyp (The cell type) – “Der” is the definite article for masculine nouns.
- Die Unterschiede (The differences) – “Die” is the definite article for feminine or plural nouns.
- Compound Nouns:
- Zelltyp (Cell type) – Combination of “Zelle” (cell) and “Typ” (type).
- Oberfläche-Volumen-Relation (Surface area to volume ratio) – A compound noun made up of three separate nouns.
- Verb Placement in Subordinate Clauses:
- …dass der Kern…steuert (that the nucleus controls) – The verb “steuert” is placed at the end of the clause.
- Use of Infinitives:
- …um die Zellen zu vergleichen (to compare the cells) – The infinitive “vergleichen” appears at the end of the infinitive clause.
- Modal Verbs:
- sollten (should) – Modal verb indicating advice or suggestion.
- kann (can) – Modal verb indicating possibility or ability.
- Passive Voice:
- …wird von…gebildet (is formed by) – An example of the passive voice using “wird” and a past participle.
- Relative Clauses:
- …die wir in den folgenden Abschnitten… (which we in the following sections…) – Use of the relative pronoun “die” to introduce a relative clause.
- Conjunctions:
- sowie (as well as) – Conjunction adding information.
- aber (but) – Conjunction introducing contrast.
- Prepositions:
- in den folgenden Abschnitten (in the following sections) – Preposition “in” indicating location in time.
- durch (through) – Preposition indicating means or method.
- Adjective Endings:
- wichtige Unterschiede (important differences) – Adjective “wichtige” agrees with the plural noun “Unterschiede.”
- komplexere Kompartimentierung (more complex compartmentalization) – Comparative adjective “komplexere” agreeing with the noun.
- Superlative Form:
- die größten (the largest) – Superlative form of “groß” (large).
- Participle Forms:
- gebildet (formed) – Past participle used in passive constructions.
- Dative Case:
- den Zellen (the cells) – Dative plural form after the preposition “mit.”
- Genitive Case:
- der Oberfläche (of the surface) – Genitive case indicating possession or relation.
- Comparative Form:
- größer (larger) – Comparative form of “groß” (large).
- Conjunction Usage:
- weil (because) – Subordinating conjunction indicating reason.
- bevor (before) – Subordinating conjunction indicating time.
- Noun Plurals:
- Zelltypen (cell types) – Plural form of “Zelltyp.”
- Chromosomen (chromosomes) – Plural form of “Chromosom.”
- Imperative Mood:
- Betrachten wir… (Let us consider…) – Use of the imperative mood in a suggestion or command form.
- Indefinite Articles:
- ein (a) – Indefinite article for masculine or neuter nouns.
- eine (a) – Indefinite article for feminine nouns.
- Present Tense:
- bestehen (exist) – Present tense of “bestehen” (to exist).
- Use of “es gibt”:
- Es gibt (There is/are) – Phrase indicating existence.
- Negation:
- nicht (not) – Used to negate verbs or sentences.
- kein (no) – Negates nouns.
- Formal Language Use:
- …wird als (is considered) – Use of formal language in scientific context.
- Interrogative Pronouns:
- Was (What) – Interrogative pronoun used for questions.
- Wie (How) – Interrogative pronoun for questions about manner or condition.
- Demonstrative Pronouns:
- diese (this/these) – Demonstrative pronoun indicating something specific.
- Possessive Pronouns:
- seine (his/its) – Possessive pronoun indicating ownership.
- Reflexive Verbs:
- sich entwickeln (to develop) – Reflexive verb form.
- Use of Contractions:
- zum (to the) – Contraction of “zu dem.”
- ins (into the) – Contraction of “in das.”
- Subordinate Clauses:
- …dass die Zellen… (that the cells…) – Example of a subordinate clause introduced by “dass.”
- Relative Pronouns:
- die (which/who/that) – Relative pronoun linking clauses.
- welche (which) – Another relative pronoun used for emphasis.
- Future Tense:
- wird sein (will be) – Future tense construction.
- Noun Gender:
- der Kern (the nucleus) – Masculine noun with definite article “der.”
- die Zelle (the cell) – Feminine noun with definite article “die.”
- Sentence Structure:
- Wir können sagen, dass… (We can say that…) – Example of a standard sentence structure.
- Subjunctive Mood:
- könnte (could) – Use of the subjunctive mood for hypothetical situations.
- Word Order:
- Wenn…dann… (If…then…) – Common conditional sentence structure.
- Verb Inversion:
- So können wir sehen… (So, we can see…) – Inversion of subject and verb after “so.”
- Use of Adverbs:
- jedoch (however) – Adverb used to modify or contrast.
- besonders (especially) – Adverb used for emphasis.
- Separable Verbs:
- auftreten (to occur) – Separable verb that changes meaning when prefix is separated.
- Reflexive Pronouns:
- sich (oneself) – Reflexive pronoun used with reflexive verbs.
- Gerunds:
- Verstehen (understanding) – Gerund form used as a noun.
p 18
Zelltypen – Cell types
Mitochondrium – Mitochondrion
Desmosom – Desmosome
Zentriol – Centriole
Golgi-Apparat – Golgi apparatus
Vesikeln – Vesicles
Zellkern – Nucleus
Nukleolus – Nucleolus
Sekretgranula – Secretory granules
Ribosomen – Ribosomes
Endoplasmatisches Retikulum – Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosom – Lysosome
Pinocytotische Vesikel – Pinocytic vesicles
Zellübersicht – Cell overview
glatte Muskelzellen – Smooth muscle cells
Kontraktionen – Contractions
gestreifte Muskeln – Striated muscles
Bewegungsvorgänge – Movement processes
Skelett – Skeleton
Herzmuskulatur – Cardiac muscle
Erythrozyten – Erythrocytes
kernlose – Nucleus-free
binokular – Binocular
Hepatozyten – Hepatocytes
polyedrisch – Polyhedral
Durchmesser – Diameter
Tageszeitlichen Funktionswechsel – Diurnal functional change
Organelle – Organelles
Kerne – Nuclei
vielseitigsten Zellen – Most versatile cells
Organismus – Organism
starke Abweichung – Strong deviation
normale Zellform – Normal cell shape
geformt – Formed
Funktion – Function
Nervenzellen – Nerve cells
Knochenzellen – Bone cells
extreme Spezialisierung – Extreme specialization
abhängig – Dependent
Beispielsweise – For example
motorischen Vorderhornzellen – Motor anterior horn cells
Motoneurone – Motor neurons
Rückenmarks – Spinal cord
Gruppen – Groups
Arbeitsskelettmuskulatur – Working skeletal muscles
Muskelspindeln – Muscle spindles
Nerven – Nerves
Nervenfaser – Nerve fiber
langer Bau – Long structure
Nerven von Fußsohle – Nerves from the sole of the foot
veränderten Knochenzellen – Altered bone cells
Drüsenzellen – Gland cells
Bau – Structure
Abbildung – Illustration
Zellmembran – Cell membrane
Nukleus – Nucleus
Funktion – Function
Plasmamembran – Plasma membrane
Zellstruktur – Cell structure
Zytoplasma – Cytoplasm
p 19
Dimension – Dimension
atomarer – Atomic
molekularer – Molecular
zellulärer – Cellular
Strukturen – Structures
Aminosäuren – Amino acids
Elementarmembran – Elementary membrane
Viren – Viruses
Bakterien – Bacteria
Euzysten – Eukaryotes
elektronenmikroskopisch – Electron microscopic
lichtmikroskopisch – Light microscopic
makroskopisch – Macroscopic
Zellen – Cells
Zellgrößenvergleiche – Cell size comparisons
menschlicher – Human
Zelle – Cell
Größe – Size
Erythrozyt – Erythrocyte (Red blood cell)
Hepatozyt – Hepatocyte (Liver cell)
Eizelle – Egg cell
Glatte Muskelzelle – Smooth muscle cell
quergestreifte Muskelzelle – Striated muscle cell
Nervenzelle – Nerve cell
bis zu mehreren cm – Up to several cm
bis über 1 m – Over 1 meter
Zellzahl – Cell count
Gesamtkörperzellen – Total body cells
Gewebszellen – Tissue cells
Blutzellen – Blood cells
Leukozyten – Leukocytes (White blood cells)
Erythrozyten – Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
Blut – Blood
Gesamtblut – Total blood
gebildet – Formed
gebildet – Formed
Endosymbiontentheorie – Endosymbiotic theory
gesichert – Secured
Funde – Findings
Australien – Australia
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