::: จาก ปวิอ 13 compare usa
1. Content of Section 13 (Thailand)
Section 13 establishes the principle that all criminal proceedings—investigation, preliminary examination, or trial—must use the Thai language. However, to ensure fairness:
- If a person cannot understand Thai (or speaks only a dialect), the court, prosecutor, or investigating officer must provide an interpreter without delay.
- If the person cannot speak, hear, or communicate (e.g., due to disability), the authority must provide a sign language interpreter or other suitable communication methods.
- Interpreters must swear or affirm to translate truthfully, without adding or omitting.
- Interpreters must sign the translation record.
- Interpreters are entitled to compensation, travel costs, and accommodation allowances, according to regulations approved by relevant ministries and the Ministry of Finance.
This provision reflects both linguistic rights and due process protections, recognizing that language barriers must not prevent participation in criminal justice.
2. Comparison with the United States
In the U.S., the right to an interpreter in criminal proceedings is not explicitly codified in one statute like in Thailand, but is guaranteed through a combination of constitutional law and federal statutes:
- Constitutional Basis
- Sixth Amendment: guarantees the right to confront witnesses, effective assistance of counsel, and a fair trial. If a defendant cannot understand the proceedings due to language, courts have held that failure to provide an interpreter violates this right.
- Due Process (14th Amendment): courts have ruled that fundamental fairness requires an interpreter for defendants or witnesses who cannot communicate in English.
- Statutory Law
- Court Interpreters Act of 1978 (28 U.S.C. §§ 1827–1828): requires federal courts to provide certified interpreters in criminal cases for defendants or witnesses who speak little or no English or are hearing impaired.
- States also have their own interpreter statutes, but federal law sets the model.
- Practical Aspects
- Like in Thailand, interpreters in the U.S. must take an oath to provide accurate and impartial translation.
- Interpreters are compensated by the court system.
- The U.S. emphasizes certification standards—federal courts use a roster of federally certified interpreters (especially for Spanish, the most common need).
3. Key Similarities and Differences
Similarities
- Both Thailand and the U.S. require interpreters to ensure fairness when language barriers exist.
- Both systems require interpreters to swear or affirm accuracy.
- Both provide compensation to interpreters.
- Both cover foreign languages and sign language for the hearing-impaired.
Differences
- Language of proceedings: Thailand mandates Thai only; the U.S. uses English, but some states allow limited bilingual court operations (e.g., Puerto Rico uses Spanish alongside English in some contexts).
- Codification: Thailand has one detailed statutory section (ปวิอ 13), while the U.S. relies on constitutional interpretation plus federal and state statutes.
- Certification: The U.S. emphasizes professional certification and standardized testing of interpreters; Thai law does not specify certification standards, only accuracy and oath-taking.
- Administrative detail: Thai law explicitly mentions interpreter allowances, travel, and lodging; U.S. law typically covers compensation but leaves logistical details to court administration.
✅ In summary:
Section 13 of the Thai Criminal Procedure Code and U.S. law both guarantee the right to interpretation to uphold fairness. Thailand centralizes this in one statute with administrative detail, while the U.S. spreads it across constitutional principles and statutory law, with stronger emphasis on interpreter certification.
1. 泰国刑诉法第13条内容
泰国 (tài guó) = Thailand
刑诉法 (xíng sù fǎ) = Criminal Procedure Law
第 (dì) = ordinal number prefix (like “the” before a number)
13条 (13 tiáo) = Article 13
内容 (nèi róng) = content
泰国刑诉法第13条明确规定：
确 (què) = clearly, definitely, indeed
规定 (guī dìng) = to stipulate, to provide, to regulate; regulation, provision
刑事诉讼程序（侦查、审查起诉、审判）
刑事 (xíng shì) = criminal
诉讼 (sù sòng) = litigation, legal proceedings
程序 (chéng xù) = procedure, process
侦查 (zhēn chá) = investigation, detection
审查 (shěn chá) = review, examination
起诉 (qǐ sù) = prosecution, to prosecute
审判 (shěn pàn) = trial, adjudication
必须使用泰语。
必须 (bì xū) = must, have to, be obligated to
使用 (shǐ yòng) = to use, to employ
泰语 (tài yǔ) = Thai language
若当事人、被告、证人或受害人不能使用或理解泰语，
若 (ruò) = if, in case
当事人 (dāng shì rén) = parties (to a legal case), litigants
被告 (bèi gào) = defendant, accused
证人 (zhèng rén) = witness
或 (huò) = or
受害人 (shòu hài rén) = victim
不能 (bù néng) = cannot, unable to
使用 (shǐ yòng) = use, employ
或 (huò) = or
理解 (lǐ jiě) = understand, comprehend
泰语 (tài yǔ) = Thai language
只会地方方言或外语，应由侦查官、
只会 (zhǐ huì) = only know how to, can only
地方 (dì fāng) = local, regional
方言 (fāng yán) = dialect
或 (huò) = or
外语 (wài yǔ) = foreign language
应由 (yīng yóu) = should be done by, ought to be handled by
侦查官 (zhēn chá guān) = investigating officer, detective
检察官或法院立即提供口译。
检察官 (jiǎn chá guān) = prosecutor, procurator
或 (huò) = or
法院 (fǎ yuàn) = court
立即 (lì jí) = immediately, at once
提供 (tí gōng) = to provide, to supply
口译 (kǒu yì) = interpretation, oral translation
若当事人、被告、证人或受害人聋哑或不能表达，应提供手语翻译或采取其他合适的沟通方式。
口译人员必须宣誓或保证忠实翻译，不得增删。
口译须签名，并可获得差旅费、住宿费和劳务补助。
该条文体现了 语言权利 与 正当程序保障。
2. 中国的相关法律
在中国，刑事诉讼中的语言使用由
在 (zài) = in, at
中国 (zhōng guó) = China
，= comma
刑事 (xíng shì) = criminal
诉讼 (sù sòng) = litigation, legal proceedings
中的 (zhōng de) = in the, within the
语言 (yǔ yán) = language
使用 (shǐ yòng) = use, usage
由 (yóu) = by, through (indicating agency/method)
《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》（2023修正）明确规定：
- 诉讼语言文字（刑诉法第9条）
- 各民族公民有权使用本民族语言文字进行诉讼。
- 人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关应为不通晓当地通用语言文字的诉讼参与人 提供翻译。
- 翻译与残疾人诉讼权利（刑诉法第53条、第54条）
- 对于聋、哑、盲等残疾人，司法机关应为其 提供诉讼便利，包括手语翻译或其他方式。
- 翻译人员必须 忠实、完整 地翻译，并负法律责任。
- 补助与费用
- 翻译人员的报酬、差旅费由办案机关承担。
3. 中泰比较
相同点
- 两国都规定刑事诉讼必须有统一的诉讼语言（泰国：泰语，中国：普通话/通用语言文字）。
- 都保障少数民族语言或外语使用者的诉讼权利，必须提供翻译。
- 都要求翻译人员忠实、完整翻译，并承担法律责任。
- 都规定应给予翻译人员报酬或补助。
- 都对残障人士（如聋哑人）提供手语或其他辅助沟通方式。
不同点
- 适用范围：泰国第13条适用范围非常具体（调查、起诉、审判都必须泰语）；中国刑诉法第9条是 原则性规定，适用于整个诉讼程序。
- 民族语言：中国明确保障少数民族在本民族聚居地区 有权直接使用本民族语言文字，而泰国是 统一强制泰语，仅通过翻译解决。
- 规范层级：中国把语言权利写入宪法和刑诉法，是 宪法性保障；泰国仅在刑诉法中规定。
- 翻译制度：中国有较完整的司法翻译员管理体系（司法部、法院认证），泰国第13条没有写明翻译资质标准，仅强调忠实翻译。
✅ 结论：
泰国刑诉法第13条更强调 全国统一语言（泰语） 的司法使用；
中国刑诉法第9条则更强调 民族平等与多语言保障，体现出民族自治和法律上的语言权利。