奈特 (NAI-te) = Netter
绘图版 (HUI-tu-ban) = illustrated edition
医学 (YI-xue) = medicine/medical
全集 (QUAN-ji) = complete collection/complete works
第5卷 (DI-wu-juan) = Volume 5
泌尿 (MI-niao) = urinary
系统 (XI-tong) = system
1. 泌尿系统解剖
1. 泌尿系统解剖
泌尿 (MI-niao) = urinary
系统 (XI-tong) = system
解剖 (JIE-pou) = anatomy
p 19 , 一、肾：位置与毗邻
一 (yi) = one/first
肾 (SHEN) = kidney
位置 (WEI-zhi) = position/location
与 (yu) = and/with
毗邻 (PI-lin) = adjacent/neighboring
位置与形态
位置 (WEI-zhi) = position/location
与 (yu) = and/with
形态 (XING-tai) = morphology/form/shape
肾位于腹膜后，腰椎的两侧，成对存在。
肾 (SHEN) = kidney
位于 (WEI-yu) = located at/situated in
腹膜 (FU-mo) = peritoneum
后 (hou) = behind/posterior
腰椎 (YAO-zhui) = lumbar vertebrae
的 (de) = (possessive particle)
两侧 (LIANG-ce) = both sides
成对 (CHENG-dui) = in pairs
存在 (CUN-zai) = exist
仰卧位放松时，肾上极平第12胸椎，
仰卧位 (YANG-wo-wei) = supine position
放松 (FANG-song) = relaxed
时 (shi) = when/time
肾 (SHEN) = kidney
上极 (SHANG-ji) = upper pole
平 (ping) = level with/at the same level as
第12 (DI-shi-er) = 12th
胸椎 (XIONG-zhui) = thoracic vertebra
肾下极平第3腰椎，距离肋嵴上缘约2.5cm。
肾 (SHEN) = kidney
下极 (XIA-ji) = lower pole
平 (ping) = level with/at the same level as
第3 (DI-san) = 3rd
腰椎 (YAO-zhui) = lumbar vertebra
距离 (JU-li) = distance from
肋嵴 (LEI-ji) = costal margin
上缘 (SHANG-yuan) = upper edge/border
约 (yue) = approximately
2.5cm (er-dian-wu li-mi) = 2.5 centimeters
直立位深吸气时，
直立位 (ZHI-li-wei) = upright position/standing position
深 (shen) = deep
吸气 (XI-qi) = inspiration/inhalation
时 (shi) = when/at the time of
双肾可下降至接近甚至越过髂嵴水平。
双肾 (SHUANG-shen) = both kidneys
可 (ke) = can/may
下降 (XIA-jiang) = descend/drop down
至 (zhi) = to/until
接近 (JIE-jin) = approach/get close to
甚至 (SHEN-zhi) = even/or even
越过 (YUE-guo) = cross over/go beyond
髂嵴 (QIA-ji) = iliac crest
水平 (SHUI-ping) = level
因受肝的影响，右肾位置通常比左肾低1～2cm。
因 (yin) = because/due to
受 (shou) = receive/be affected by
肝 (GAN) = liver
的 (de) = (possessive particle)
影响 (YING-xiang) = influence/effect
右肾 (YOU-shen) = right kidney
位置 (WEI-zhi) = position
通常 (TONG-chang) = usually/normally
比 (bi) = compared to/than
左肾 (ZUO-shen) = left kidney
低 (di) = lower
1～2cm (yi-zhi-er li-mi) = 1-2 centimeters
一般情况下，双肾为腹膜后脂肪所包裹（见专题1-5）；
一般 (YI-ban) = general/usually
情况下 (QING-kuang-xia) = under circumstances/in cases
双肾 (SHUANG-shen) = both kidneys
为 (wei) = by (passive marker)
腹膜后 (FU-mo-hou) = retroperitoneal
脂肪 (ZHI-fang) = fat/adipose tissue
所 (suo) = (passive marker)
包裹 (BAO-guo) = wrapped/surrounded
见 (jian) = see
专题 (ZHUAN-ti) = special topic/section
1-5 (yi-wu) = 1-5
显然这已是十多教解剖学的共识，但在肿瘤学系的描述中，腹膜后脂肪并不考虑在内。
双肾紧邻腹主动脉和下腔静脉，腹主动脉和下腔静脉的分支于双侧肾实质内侧的凹陷处进入肾，此处称为肾门。在肾水平，肾动脉从腹主动脉分支后，走行约2.5cm，于肾柱前方、肾前内侧进入肾。下腔静脉位于腹主
动脉的右侧，紧靠右肾的内侧缘。双肾内侧均稍向前旋转，以利于大血管分支进入肾门。
肾上腺（the suprarenal glands）曾被称为肾上方的腺体（adrenal），被误认为附属于肾。肾上腺是一对腺体，一般位于肾的上内侧，并不附属于肾。肾上腺与膈肌脚相连接。在肾下垂或肾缺如时，其位置保持不变。
和肾一样，肾上腺也被脂肪包裹。左侧肾上腺呈新月形，位于左肾上内侧，覆盖左肾上1/3，从肾上极延伸至肾门。右侧肾上腺呈锥形，如帽子一样覆盖在右肾上极。
双侧肾前面的毗邻关系是不同的，为不成对的腹腔脏器；而双侧肾后面的毗邻关系相似，为对称的后腹壁肌内。
肾的位置和毗邻关系：前面观
肾 (SHEN) = kidney
的 (de) = (possessive particle)
位置 (WEI-zhi) = position/location
和 (he) = and
毗邻 (PI-lin) = adjacent/neighboring
关系 (GUAN-xi) = relationship/relations
前面 (QIAN-mian) = front/anterior
观 (guan) = view
膈肌 右肾上腺 右肾 动脉和静脉
膈肌 (GE-ji) = diaphragm
右 (you) = right
肾上腺 (SHEN-shang-xian) = adrenal gland
右肾 (YOU-shen) = right kidney
动脉 (DONG-mai) = artery
和 (he) = and
静脉 (JING-mai) = vein
右肋下神经 腹横肌和腹膜 腰方肌 髂嵴 腰大肌
右肋下 (YOU-lei-xia) = right subcostal
神经 (SHEN-jing) = nerve
腹横肌 (FU-heng-ji) = transverse abdominal muscle
和 (he) = and
腹膜 (FU-mo) = peritoneum
腰方肌 (YAO-fang-ji) = quadratus lumborum muscle
髂嵴 (QIA-ji) = iliac crest
腰大肌 (YAO-da-ji) = psoas major muscle
髂肌 右髂尿管 右髂总动脉 右髂外动脉 右髂内动脉 膀胱
髂肌 (QIA-ji) = iliacus muscle
右髂 (YOU-qia) = right iliac
尿管 (NIAO-guan) = ureter
右髂总 (YOU-qia-zong) = right common iliac
动脉 (DONG-mai) = artery
右髂外 (YOU-qia-wai) = right external iliac
动脉 (DONG-mai) = artery
右髂内 (YOU-qia-nei) = right internal iliac
动脉 (DONG-mai) = artery
膀胱 (PANG-guang) = bladder
食管（切断） 左肾上腺 腹腔干（切断） 左肾 左肾动脉和静脉 肠系膜上动脉（切断） 左肋下神经 腹主动脉 左腰椎下神经 左腰椎股沟神经 左股外侧皮神经 左生殖股神经 左髂丸（卵巢）动脉和静脉 肠系膜下动脉（切断） 腹膜（切断） 乙状结肠（切断） 直肠（切断）