中医内科学 (zhōng yī nèi kē xué) = Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine
笔记 (bǐ jì) = notes
图解 (tú jiě) = illustrated/diagrams
张亚密 (zhāng yà mì) = Zhang Yami
方瑜 (fāng yú) = Fang Yu
主编 (zhǔ biān) = chief editor
nbLM
第一章 肺系病证
第一章 肺系病证
肺 (fèi) = lung, lungs
系 (xì) = system, to relate to, to connect
病 (bìng) = disease, illness, pathology
证 (zhèng) = pattern, syndrome, symptom-complex
p 23 , 肺主气，司呼吸，开窍于鼻，外合皮毛。
肺 (fèi) = lungs
主 (zhǔ) = govern, control, be in charge of
气 (qì) = qi, vital energy, breath
司 (sī) = control, manage, administer
呼吸 (hūxī) = respiration, breathing
开窍 (kāi qiào) = open into (sensory orifices)
于 (yú) = at, in, to
鼻 (bí) = nose
外合 (wài hé) = externally connect/correspond with
皮毛 (pí máo) = skin and body hair
故风、寒、燥、热等六淫外邪由口鼻、皮毛而入者，每由肺先犯。
故 (gù) = therefore/thus
风、寒、燥、热等 (fēng, hán, zào, rè děng) = wind, cold, dryness, heat, etc.
六淫 (liù yín) = six pathogenic factors
外邪 (wài xié) = external pathogens
由 (yóu) = from/through
口鼻 (kǒu bí) = mouth and nose
皮毛 (pí máo) = skin and hair
而入者 (ér rù zhě) = that enter
每 (měi) = often/usually
由肺先犯 (yóu fèi xiān fàn) = attack the lungs first
由 (yóu) = by/through
肺 (fèi) = lung
先 (xiān) = first
犯 (fàn) = attack/invade
同期因肺胸中，上位悬隔，藏娇难任，
同期 (tóng qī) = at the same time/period
因 (yīn) = because
肺 (fèi) = lung
胸中 (xiōng zhōng) = in the chest
上位 (shàng wèi) = upper position
悬隔 (xuán gé) = suspended and separated
藏娇 (zàng jiāo) = delicate organ (literally: hidden/delicate)
难任 (nán rèn) = difficult to bear/tolerate
其气贯百脉而通百窍，故易受内伤。
其 (qí) = its
气 (qì) = qi/energy
贯 (guàn) = penetrates/flows through
百脉 (bǎi mài) = hundred vessels/all vessels
而 (ér) = and
通 (tōng) = connects/reaches
百窍 (bǎi qiào) = hundred orifices/all orifices
故 (gù) = therefore
易 (yì) = easily
受 (shòu) = receive/suffer
内伤 (nèi shāng) = internal injury/damage
肺脏居胸中，膈膜之上，气之海也，
肺脏 (fèi zàng) = lung organ
居 (jū) = resides/is located
胸中 (xiōng zhōng) = in the chest
膈膜 (gé mó) = diaphragm
之 (zhī) = of/possessive marker
上 (shàng) = above
气 (qì) = qi/energy
之 (zhī) = of/possessive marker
海 (hǎi) = sea
也 (yě) = particle (emphasis/affirmation)
喜润而恶燥，虚而不实，娇嫩而易伤。
喜 (xǐ) = likes/prefers
润 (rùn) = moisture/润滑
而 (ér) = but/and
恶 (wù) = dislikes/hates
燥 (zào) = dryness
虚 (xū) = empty/deficient
而 (ér) = but/and
不 (bù) = not
实 (shí) = full/excess
娇嫩 (jiāo nèn) = delicate and tender
而 (ér) = and
易 (yì) = easily
伤 (shāng) = injured/damaged
因其与外界直接相通，极易感受外邪而发病。
因其 (yīn qí) = because it
与 (yǔ) = with
外界 (wài jiè) = external environment/outside world
直接 (zhí jiē) = directly
相通 (xiāng tōng) = connected/communicates
极 (jí) = extremely
易 (yì) = easily
感受 (gǎn shòu) = catch/sense/contract
外邪 (wài xié) = external pathogens
而 (ér) = and
发病 (fā bìng) = develop disease/fall ill
外感病邪侵犯肺脏，常见发热恶寒、咳嗽、喘促、胸痛等症；内伤病邪伤及肺脏，常见咳嗽、气短、咯血、肺胀等症。
内伤病方面，主要的病理变化为肺气壅滞、肺气虚损。实者由于痰邪阻肺，肺失宣肃，升降不利；虚者由于肺脏气阴不足，肺不主气而升降失权。如外邪侵袭，即受邪则为感冒，外寒之干肺，肺气上逆则咳嗽喘促；肺气虚则病邪易袭，久咳伤肺，或咯血痰稠，或虚喘气短，甚则肺痿。
此外，肺有通调水道、下输膀胱的功能，与大肠为表里，可助心主治节，肺为全母，肝肾脾相因，金水相生。故其为病可涉及心、肝、肾、膀胱、大肠等脏腑，与其他多个相关病证有密切的关系，临证需注意系从肺论。
🥪第二节 感冒
【概念】感冒是是感受风邪所致的病症，引起肺卫功能失调，出现鼻塞、流涕、喷嚏、咳、痒、痛、恶寒、发热等症状。为外感病中最常见的病症。
【源流】
(1) 感冒在古代的记述最早见《内经》中已有记载。素问·四气至论》说：“风者，百病之始也……风从外入，令人振寒，汗出沾衣，身重。”
(2) 伤寒类：辨太阳脉证并治分为感冒的辨证治疗奠定了基础。书中指出：“风伤卫则卫阳不固，营阴不和，卫外不密，则腠理疏松。太阴病，头痛、发热、身疼、恶寒、无汗而喘，脉浮紧。”
(3) 温病类：以风热为主的感冒称为温病。温病类文献如《温病条辨》载：“风温初起，发热微恶风寒，头痛少汗，口微渴，舌尖红，脉浮数。”
(4) 时行类：指时行感冒，病因多为时行疫疠之邪。书中称：“时行感冒，伤风居多，宜辛温解表。”
(5) 伤风感冒：因受凉受寒所致。
(6) 温病流行感冒：为本病与疫病交叉之合病。