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:::สัญญา ซื้อขาย สังหาริมทรัพย์ ย่อมเป็น สัญญา ซื้อขายเสร็จเด็ดขาด จะเป็น สัญญา จะซื้อจะขายไม่ได้ คือ

ข้อความ “สัญญาซื้อขายสังหาริมทรัพย์ ย่อมเป็นสัญญาซื้อขายเสร็จเด็ดขาด จะเป็นสัญญาจะซื้อจะขายไม่ได้” หมายความว่า:

ในทางกฎหมาย สังหาริมทรัพย์ (เช่น รถยนต์ โทรศัพท์ เครื่องจักร ฯลฯ) เมื่อมีการทำสัญญาซื้อขายกันแล้ว จะถือว่า การซื้อขายเสร็จสมบูรณ์ทันที ณ ขณะทำสัญญา

อธิบายความหมาย:

สัญญาซื้อขายสังหาริมทรัพย์
- เป็นสัญญาที่มีวัตถุเป็นทรัพย์เคลื่อนที่ (ไม่ใช่อสังหาริมทรัพย์)
- เมื่อผู้ซื้อและผู้ขายตกลงกันใน ตัวทรัพย์ และ ราคาซื้อขาย และไม่มีข้อกำหนดเรื่องเวลาหรือเงื่อนไขอื่น
- ความเป็นเจ้าของจะโอนทันที ณ เวลาที่ตกลงกัน (แม้จะยังไม่ได้ส่งมอบหรือจ่ายเงินครบ)
จึงไม่ใช่สัญญาจะซื้อจะขาย
- สัญญาจะซื้อจะขาย คือการตกลงกันว่าจะซื้อหรือขายกันในอนาคต ไม่ใช่ในทันที
- กฎหมายมองว่า ถ้าตกลงกันในเรื่องหลักครบถ้วนแล้ว ถือว่าเป็น “ซื้อขายแล้ว” ไม่ใช่แค่จะซื้อจะขาย

ตัวอย่าง:

A ขายรถยนต์ให้ B ราคา 500,000 บาท ตกลงกันวันนี้ ส่งรถพรุ่งนี้ จ่ายเงินวันมะรืน
→ ตามกฎหมาย ถือว่าเป็น สัญญาซื้อขายเสร็จเด็ดขาด แล้ว แม้ยังไม่ส่งมอบหรือจ่ายเงิน

อ้างอิงตาม ประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์

มาตรา 453: สัญญาซื้อขายเป็นสัญญาซึ่งบุคคลฝ่ายหนึ่งเรียกว่า ผู้ขาย โอนกรรมสิทธิ์แห่งทรัพย์สินให้แก่บุคคลอีกฝ่ายหนึ่ง เรียกว่า ผู้ซื้อ และผู้ซื้อตกลงจะใช้ราคาทรัพย์สินนั้นให้แก่ผู้ขาย

เมื่อมีการตกลงกันเรื่อง ตัวทรัพย์ และ ราคาซื้อขาย ครบถ้วนแล้ว จะถือว่าซื้อขายสำเร็จ แม้ยังไม่ได้ส่งมอบหรือชำระเงิน

english

The phrase:
“A contract for the sale of a movable property is a completed contract of sale; it cannot be merely a promise to buy or sell.”

Meaning in English:

This legal principle means that:

When parties agree to buy and sell a movable property (called chattels in legal terms), the sale is legally completed as soon as they agree on the object and the price, even if delivery or payment is to happen later.

Explanation:

Movable Property (Sangharin-Sap / สังหาริมทรัพย์)
- These are items that are not attached to land: cars, phones, machines, etc.
- Once both parties agree on what to sell and for how much, the ownership transfers immediately in law.
Not a “Promise to Sell” (Preliminary Contract)
- A “promise to buy/sell” is an agreement to enter into a sale in the future.
- But if the agreement includes the object and price, then under law it’s already a completed sale, not just a future intention.

Example:

A agrees to sell a car to B for 500,000 THB.
They sign today, delivery tomorrow, and payment the day after.
→ Legally, this is a completed contract of sale, even if delivery/payment hasn’t happened yet.

Thai Civil and Commercial Code Reference:

Section 453:
“A contract of sale is a contract whereby one party, called the seller, transfers or agrees to transfer the ownership of a property to another party, called the buyer, for a price which the buyer agrees to pay.”

Once the object and price are agreed, the sale is binding — it doesn’t matter if delivery or payment is delayed.

chinese

📘 含义解释：

含 (hán) – to contain, to hold, to include
义 (yì) – meaning, significance, righteousness
解 (jiě) – to explain, to解析, to解开
释 (shì) – to explain, to interpret, to clarify

在法律上，这句话的意思是：

在 (zài) = in, at, on
法律 (fǎlǜ) = law, legal
上 (shàng) = on, above (here used as a suffix with 法律 to mean “in terms of” or “regarding”)
这 (zhè) = this
句 (jù) = sentence, phrase (measure word for sentences)
话 (huà) = words, speech, statement
的 (de) = possessive particle (like ‘s in English)
意思 (yìsi) = meaning
是 (shì) = is, to be

当买卖双方就动产的标的物与价格达成一致时，买卖即刻成立并具法律效力，即为“买卖合同已完成”。
即使尚未交付物品或支付价款，法律上也视为“真正的买卖”，而不是未来才会发生的“买卖意向”或“预约合同”。

当 (dāng) = when, at the time when
买卖 (mǎimài) = buying and selling, trade, transaction
双方 (shuāngfāng) = both parties, both sides
就 (jiù) = regarding, concerning, with respect to
动产 (dòngchán) = movable property, personal property (as opposed to real estate)
的 (de) = possessive particle
标的物 (biāodìwù) = subject matter, object of contract, the thing being contracted for
与 (yǔ) = and, with
价格 (jiàgé) = price
达成 (dáchéng) = to reach, to achieve, to arrive at
一致 (yīzhì) = agreement, consensus, unanimity
时 (shí) = time, when (used here to indicate “at the time when”)

🔍 详细解释：

动产（Sangharin-Sap / สังหาริมทรัพย์）
指可以移动的财产，如汽车、手机、机器、家具等。
合同成立即所有权转移
一旦双方就动产及价格达成一致，除非另有特别约定，法律视为“所有权已发生转移”，即买卖完成。
不是“将来要买卖”的承诺
如果只是口头说“我以后要卖给你”，那叫“预约合同”或“意向协议”；但如果已经确定价格与标的物，那就已经构成法律上的真正买卖。

🧾 举例：

A 同意将一辆车以 500,000 泰铢的价格卖给 B。
双方今天签署合同，明天交车，后天付款。

➡ 法律上认为，这已是“完成的买卖合同”，即便交付与付款都还没发生。

🇹🇭 泰国《民商法典》第 453 条：

第453条：买卖契约，系指一方（出卖人）将财产之所有权让与或同意让与于他方（买受人），而买受人同意支付该财产的价格予出卖人。

⚖️ 法律效果：
只要双方就“标的”和“价格”达成协议，就被视为真正的买卖成立，不能仅仅称为“将来的承诺”。

japanese

📘 意味の解説：

法律上、この文は次のような意味を持ちます：

法律上 (hōritsu-jō) = legally, in legal terms, from a legal standpoint
この (kono) = this
文 (bun) = sentence, statement, text
は (wa) = topic particle (marks the subject)
次のような (tsugi no yōna) = the following kind of, like the following
意味 (imi) = meaning
を (wo) = object particle
持ちます (mochimasu) = to have, to possess (polite form)

動産（＝移動できる財産）の売買契約は、当事者が「売買の目的物」と「代金」について合意すれば、その時点で契約が成立し、法律的に完結した売買とされます。
商品の引渡しや代金の支払いが後日であっても、それは「将来の売買の約束」ではなく、「すでに成立した売買契約」とみなされます。

動産 (dōsan) = movable property, personal property
（＝移動できる財産） = (= property that can be moved) – this is an explanatory note in parentheses

移動 (idō) = movement, relocation
できる (dekiru) = can, able to
財産 (zaisan) = property, assets

の (no) = possessive particle, “of”
売買 (baibai) = buying and selling, sale and purchase
契約 (keiyaku) = contract, agreement
は (wa) = topic particle (marks the subject)

🔍 詳しい解説：

動産（どうさん）とは？

動産 (dōsan) = movable property, personal property
（どうさん） = phonetic reading in hiragana (furigana)
とは = “to wa” = what is…? (used to ask for definitions)

　車、パソコン、家具、宝石など、移動可能な物。

車 (kuruma) = car
パソコン (pasokon) = personal computer, PC
家具 (kagu) = furniture
宝石 (hōseki) = jewelry, precious stones
など (nado) = and so on, etc., among other things
移動可能な (idō kanō na) = movable, able to be moved

移動 (idō) = movement, relocation
可能 (kanō) = possible, able
な (na) = adjective particle

物 (mono) = thing, object

　不動産（土地や建物）とは異なります。

売買が成立すればすぐに法的効力が生じる
　売主と買主が「何を」「いくらで」売買するかに合意すれば、法律上は即座に契約が成立し、売買完了と扱われます。

予約契約（やくそく）ではない
　「将来売るつもりです」「買うつもりです」といった約束とは異なり、要素が整っていれば、その時点で完全な売買契約です。

🧾 例：

AさんがBさんに車を50万バーツで売ると合意。
車の引き渡しは明日、代金の支払いは明後日でも、

➡ 法律的にはその契約はすでに完結した売買契約とされます。

🇹🇭 タイ民商法典第453条（参考訳）：

売買契約とは、売主が財産の所有権を買主に移転する（または移転することに合意する）契約であり、買主はその財産の価格を支払うことに同意するものである。

⚖️ 結論：
動産の売買においては、物と価格が合意されれば、法的に「売買完了」。将来の取引の約束とは扱われません。

korean

📘 의미 설명:

이 문장은 법적으로 다음과 같은 뜻을 가집니다:

매도인과 매수인이 동산(움직일 수 있는 재산)에 대해 ‘무엇을 팔 것인지’와 ‘가격’을 합의하면, 계약은 즉시 성립되며 법적으로 완전한 매매가 이루어진 것으로 본다.
물건 인도나 대금 지급이 나중에 이뤄지더라도, 이는 이미 유효한 매매계약이지 “나중에 매매하겠다는 약속(예약 계약)”이 아니다.

🔍 자세한 해설:

동산(動産, movable property)이란?
- 자동차, 핸드폰, 컴퓨터, 가구 등 쉽게 이동할 수 있는 재산
- 부동산(건물, 토지)과는 반대 개념
계약이 성립되면 곧바로 법적 효력 발생
- 대상(물건)과 가격이 확정되면, 그 즉시 계약이 성립되며
  → 매매가 완성된 것으로 간주됨
“매매예약” 계약과 구별됨
- “나중에 팔게요” 또는 “살게요”라는 약속만 있는 계약은 “예약 계약”임
- 하지만, 대상과 가격이 명확하면 이미 매매는 완료된 것으로 간주

🧾 예시:

A가 B에게 자동차를 500,000바트에 판매하기로 오늘 계약을 체결함
→ 차는 내일 인도, 돈은 모레 지불 예정

➡ 이 경우, 계약은 이미 “완전한 매매계약”으로 간주됨
→ 단순한 약속이 아님

🇹🇭 태국 민상법전 제453조 (참고 번역):

제453조: 매매계약이란, 매도인이 특정 재산의 소유권을 매수인에게 이전하거나 이전하기로 약속하고, 매수인은 그 재산의 대가를 지불하기로 약속하는 계약이다.

vietnamese

Giải thích ý nghĩa:

Trong pháp luật, khi hai bên đã thỏa thuận xong về đối tượng mua bán (tài sản) và giá cả, thì hợp đồng mua bán được xem là đã hoàn thành tại thời điểm giao kết, dù việc giao hàng hay thanh toán được thực hiện sau đó.
Do đó, không thể coi đó chỉ là một lời hứa mua hay hứa bán trong tương lai.

Trong = in, within
pháp luật = law, legal system
khi = when, at the time when
hai bên = both parties, two sides
đã = already, have (past tense marker)
thỏa thuận = to agree, to reach agreement
xong = finished, completed
về = about, regarding, concerning
đối tượng = object, subject matter
mua bán = buying and selling, transaction
(tài sản) = (property, assets) – explanatory note in parentheses
và = and
giá cả = price, cost

🔍 Giải thích chi tiết:

Động sản là gì?
- Là tài sản có thể di chuyển được: xe hơi, điện thoại, máy móc, v.v.
- Khác với bất động sản (như nhà, đất).
Hợp đồng mua bán động sản có hiệu lực ngay khi thỏa thuận xong
- Nếu hai bên đã đồng ý về:
  - Tài sản cụ thể
  - Giá cả rõ ràng
    → Hợp đồng được coi là đã hoàn tất, quyền sở hữu được chuyển ngay lập tức theo quy định pháp luật (trừ khi có quy định khác).
Không phải hợp đồng hứa mua hứa bán
- Hợp đồng hứa mua hứa bán là sự thỏa thuận sẽ mua hoặc bán trong tương lai, thường dùng cho bất động sản.
- Với động sản, nếu các yếu tố chính đã đủ thì pháp luật mặc nhiên công nhận đó là mua bán hoàn chỉnh, không phải chỉ là “sẽ mua/sẽ bán”.

🧾 Ví dụ:

A bán xe hơi cho B giá 500.000 baht.
→ Hai bên ký hợp đồng hôm nay, giao xe ngày mai, thanh toán ngày mốt.

➡ Theo pháp luật: đây là hợp đồng mua bán đã hoàn tất (không phải chỉ là hứa hẹn).

🇹🇭 Dẫn chiếu Bộ luật Dân sự và Thương mại Thái Lan – Điều 453:

Điều 453: Hợp đồng mua bán là hợp đồng trong đó một bên (bên bán) chuyển quyền sở hữu tài sản cho bên kia (bên mua), và bên mua đồng ý trả giá cho tài sản đó

indonesian

Penjelasan Makna:

Dalam hukum, jika para pihak telah sepakat mengenai benda yang akan dijual dan harga, maka perjanjian jual beli benda bergerak dianggap telah sah dan selesai saat itu juga, walaupun penyerahan barang atau pembayaran dilakukan belakangan.
Karena itu, perjanjian tersebut bukan sekadar janji untuk membeli atau menjual, melainkan sudah merupakan perjanjian jual beli yang sah.

🔍 Penjabaran:

Apa itu benda bergerak?
- Barang yang dapat dipindahkan seperti mobil, motor, handphone, mesin, dsb.
- Berbeda dengan benda tidak bergerak (misalnya tanah, bangunan).
Perjanjian langsung sah begitu ada kesepakatan
- Jika kedua pihak telah sepakat atas:
  - Objek (benda yang dijual)
  - Harga
    → Maka perjanjian langsung mengikat secara hukum, meski belum diserahkan atau dibayar.
Bukan perjanjian pendahuluan (janji jual beli)
- Janji jual beli (perjanjian pendahuluan) adalah kesepakatan untuk menjual/beli di masa depan.
- Tetapi jika unsur penting (benda dan harga) sudah ada, maka hukum menganggap itu sebagai jual beli yang sah, bukan cuma janji.

🧾 Contoh:

A sepakat menjual mobil kepada B seharga 500.000 Baht.
→ Mereka menandatangani kontrak hari ini, mobil dikirim besok, dan pembayaran lusa.

➡ Secara hukum, ini sudah merupakan perjanjian jual beli yang sah dan selesai, walaupun mobil dan uang belum berpindah tangan.

🇹🇭 Berdasarkan Pasal 453 KUH Perdata Thailand:

Pasal 453: Perjanjian jual beli adalah perjanjian di mana satu pihak (penjual) menyerahkan atau setuju untuk menyerahkan hak milik atas suatu barang kepada pihak lain (pembeli), dan pembeli setuju untuk membayar harga barang tersebut kepada penjual.